Ractor - Ruby’s Actor-like concurrent abstraction ↑

Ractor is designed to provide a parallel execution feature of Ruby without thread-safety concerns.

Summary ↑

Multiple Ractors in an interpreter process ↑

You can make multiple Ractors and they run in parallel.

Limited sharing between multiple ractors ↑

Ractors don’t share everything, unlike threads.

Communication between Ractors with Ractor::Port ↑

Ractors communicate with each other and synchronize the execution by message exchanging between Ractors. Ractor::Port is provided for this communication.

port = Ractor::Port.new

Ractor.new port do |port|
  # Other ractors can send to the port
  port << 42
end

port.receive # get a message to the port. Only the creator Ractor can receive from the port
#=> 42

Ractors have its own default port and Ractor#send, Ractor.receive will use it.

Copy & Move semantics to send messages ↑

To send unshareable objects as messages, objects are copied or moved.

Thread-safety ↑

Ractor helps to write a thread-safe concurrent program, but we can make thread-unsafe programs with Ractors.

Without Ractor, we need to trace all state-mutations to debug thread-safety issues. With Ractor, you can concentrate on suspicious code which are shared with Ractors.

Creation and termination ↑

Ractor.new ↑

# Ractor.new with a block creates new Ractor
r = Ractor.new do
  # This block will be run in parallel with other ractors
end

# You can name a Ractor with `name:` argument.
r = Ractor.new name: 'test-name' do
end

# and Ractor#name returns its name.
r.name #=> 'test-name'

Given block isolation ↑

The Ractor executes given expr in a given block. Given block will be isolated from outer scope by the Proc#isolate method (not exposed yet for Ruby users). To prevent sharing unshareable objects between ractors, block outer-variables, self and other information are isolated.

Proc#isolate is called at Ractor creation time (when Ractor.new is called). If given Proc object is not able to isolate because of outer variables and so on, an error will be raised.

begin
  a = true
  r = Ractor.new do
    a #=> ArgumentError because this block accesses `a`.
  end
  r.join # see later
rescue ArgumentError
end

r = Ractor.new do
  p self.class #=> Ractor
  self.object_id
end
r.value == self.object_id #=> false

Passed arguments to Ractor.new() becomes block parameters for the given block. However, an interpreter does not pass the parameter object references, but send them as messages (see below for details).

r = Ractor.new 'ok' do |msg|
  msg #=> 'ok'
end
r.value #=> 'ok'

# almost similar to the last example
r = Ractor.new do
  msg = Ractor.receive
  msg
end
r.send 'ok'
r.value #=> 'ok'

An execution result of given block ↑

Return value of the given block becomes an outgoing message (see below for details).

r = Ractor.new do
  'ok'
end
r.value #=> `ok`

Error in the given block will be propagated to the receiver of an outgoing message.

r = Ractor.new do
  raise 'ok' # exception will be transferred to the receiver
end

begin
  r.value
rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
  e.cause.class   #=> RuntimeError
  e.cause.message #=> 'ok'
  e.ractor        #=> r
end

Communication between Ractors ↑

Communication between Ractors is achieved by sending and receiving messages. There are two ways to communicate with each other.

Users can control program execution timing with (1), but should not control with (2) (only manage as critical section).

For message sending and receiving, there are two types of APIs: push type and pull type.

Wait for multiple Ractors with Ractor.select ↑

You can wait multiple Ractor port’s receiving. The return value of Ractor.select() is [port, msg] where port is a ready port and msg is received message.

To make convenient, Ractor.select can also accept Ractors to wait the termination of Ractors. The return value of Ractor.select() is [r, msg] where r is a terminated Ractor and msg is the value of Ractor’s block.

Wait for a single ractor (same as Ractor#value):

r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}

r, obj = Ractor.select(r1)
r == r1 and obj == 'r1' #=> true

Waiting for two ractors:

r1 = Ractor.new{'r1'}
r2 = Ractor.new{'r2'}
rs = [r1, r2]
as = []

# Wait for r1 or r2's Ractor.yield
r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
rs.delete(r)
as << obj

# Second try (rs only contain not-closed ractors)
r, obj = Ractor.select(*rs)
rs.delete(r)
as << obj
as.sort == ['r1', 'r2'] #=> true

TODO: Current Ractor.select() has the same issue of select(2), so this interface should be refined.

TODO: select syntax of go-language uses round-robin technique to make fair scheduling. Now Ractor.select() doesn’t use it.

Closing Ractor’s ports ↑

Example (try to get a result from closed Ractor):

r = Ractor.new do
  'finish'
end
r.join # success (wait for the termination)
r.value # success (will return 'finish')

# the first Ractor which success the `Ractor#value` can get the result
Ractor.new r do |r|
  r.value #=> Ractor::Error
end

Example (try to send to closed (terminated) Ractor):

r = Ractor.new do
end

r.join # wait terminate

begin
  r.send(1)
rescue Ractor::ClosedError
  'ok'
else
  'ng'
end

Send a message by copying ↑

Ractor::Port#send(obj) copy obj deeply if obj is an unshareable object.

obj = 'str'.dup
r = Ractor.new obj do |msg|
  # return received msg's object_id
  msg.object_id
end

obj.object_id == r.value #=> false

Some objects are not supported to copy the value, and raise an exception.

obj = Thread.new{}
begin
  Ractor.new obj do |msg|
    msg
  end
rescue TypeError => e
  e.message #=> #<TypeError: allocator undefined for Thread>
else
  'ng' # unreachable here
end

Send a message by moving ↑

Ractor::Port#send(obj, move: true) moves obj to the destination Ractor. If the source Ractor touches the moved object (for example, call the method like obj.foo()), it will be an error.

# move with Ractor#send
r = Ractor.new do
  obj = Ractor.receive
  obj << ' world'
end

str = 'hello'
r.send str, move: true
modified = r.value #=> 'hello world'

# str is moved, and accessing str from this Ractor is prohibited

begin
  # Error because it touches moved str.
  str << ' exception' # raise Ractor::MovedError
rescue Ractor::MovedError
  modified #=> 'hello world'
else
  raise 'unreachable'
end

Some objects are not supported to move, and an exception will be raised.

r = Ractor.new do
  Ractor.receive
end

r.send(Thread.new{}, move: true) #=> allocator undefined for Thread (TypeError)

To achieve the access prohibition for moved objects, class replacement technique is used to implement it.

Shareable objects ↑

The following objects are shareable.

Implementation: Now shareable objects (RVALUE) have FL_SHAREABLE flag. This flag can be added lazily.

To make shareable objects, Ractor.make_shareable(obj) method is provided. In this case, try to make shareable by freezing obj and recursively traversable objects. This method accepts copy: keyword (default value is false).Ractor.make_shareable(obj, copy: true) tries to make a deep copy of obj and make the copied object shareable.

Language changes to isolate unshareable objects between Ractors ↑

To isolate unshareable objects between Ractors, we introduced additional language semantics on multi-Ractor Ruby programs.

Note that without using Ractors, these additional semantics is not needed (100% compatible with Ruby 2).

Global variables ↑

Only the main Ractor (a Ractor created at starting of interpreter) can access global variables.

$gv = 1
r = Ractor.new do
  $gv
end

begin
  r.join
rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
  e.cause.message #=> 'can not access global variables from non-main Ractors'
end

Note that some special global variables, such as $stdin, $stdout and $stderr are Ractor-local. See [Bug #17268] for more details.

Instance variables of shareable objects ↑

Instance variables of classes/modules can be get from non-main Ractors if the referring values are shareable objects.

class C
  @iv = 1
end

p Ractor.new do
  class C
     @iv
  end
end.value #=> 1

Otherwise, only the main Ractor can access instance variables of shareable objects.

class C
  @iv = [] # unshareable object
end

Ractor.new do
  class C
    begin
      p @iv
    rescue Ractor::IsolationError
      p $!.message
      #=> "can not get unshareable values from instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors"
    end

    begin
      @iv = 42
    rescue Ractor::IsolationError
      p $!.message
      #=> "can not set instance variables of classes/modules by non-main Ractors"
    end
  end
end.join

shared = Ractor.new{}
shared.instance_variable_set(:@iv, 'str')

r = Ractor.new shared do |shared|
  p shared.instance_variable_get(:@iv)
end

begin
  r.join
rescue Ractor::RemoteError => e
  e.cause.message #=> can not access instance variables of shareable objects from non-main Ractors (Ractor::IsolationError)
end

Note that instance variables for class/module objects are also prohibited on Ractors.

Class variables ↑

Only the main Ractor can access class variables.

class C
  @@cv = 'str'
end

r = Ractor.new do
  class C
    p @@cv
  end
end


begin
  r.join
rescue => e
  e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
end

Constants ↑

Only the main Ractor can read constants which refer to the unshareable object.

class C
  CONST = 'str'
end
r = Ractor.new do
  C::CONST
end
begin
  r.join
rescue => e
  e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
end

Only the main Ractor can define constants which refer to the unshareable object.

class C
end
r = Ractor.new do
  C::CONST = 'str'
end
begin
  r.join
rescue => e
  e.class #=> Ractor::IsolationError
end

To make multi-ractor supported library, the constants should only refer shareable objects.

TABLE = {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'}

In this case, TABLE references an unshareable Hash object. So that other ractors can not refer TABLE constant. To make it shareable, we can use Ractor.make_shareable() like that.

TABLE = Ractor.make_shareable( {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'} )

To make it easy, Ruby 3.0 introduced new shareable_constant_value Directive.

# shareable_constant_value: literal

TABLE = {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'}
#=> Same as: TABLE = Ractor.make_shareable( {a: 'ko1', b: 'ko2', c: 'ko3'} )

shareable_constant_value directive accepts the following modes (descriptions use the example: CONST = expr):

Except the none mode (default), it is guaranteed that the assigned constants refer to only shareable objects.

See doc/syntax/comments.rdoc for more details.

Implementation note ↑

Examples ↑

Traditional Ring example in Actor-model ↑

RN = 1_000
CR = Ractor.current

r = Ractor.new do
  p Ractor.receive
  CR << :fin
end

RN.times{
  r = Ractor.new r do |next_r|
    next_r << Ractor.receive
  end
}

p :setup_ok
r << 1
p Ractor.receive

Fork-join ↑

def fib n
  if n < 2
    1
  else
    fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)
  end
end

RN = 10
rs = (1..RN).map do |i|
  Ractor.new i do |i|
    [i, fib(i)]
  end
end

until rs.empty?
  r, v = Ractor.select(*rs)
  rs.delete r
  p answer: v
end

Worker pool ↑

(1) One ractor has a pool

require 'prime'

N = 1000
RN = 10

# make RN workers
workers = (1..RN).map do
  Ractor.new do |; result_port|
    loop do
      n, result_port = Ractor.receive
      result_port << [n, n.prime?, Ractor.current]
    end
  end
end

result_port = Ractor::Port.new
results = []

(1..N).each do |i|
  if workers.empty?
    # receive a result
    n, result, w = result_port.receive
    results << [n, result]
  else
    w = workers.pop
  end

  # send a task to the idle worker ractor
  w << [i, result_port]
end

# receive a result
while results.size != N
  n, result, _w = result_port.receive
  results << [n, result]
end

pp results.sort_by{|n, result| n}

Pipeline ↑

# pipeline with send/receive

r3 = Ractor.new Ractor.current do |cr|
  cr.send Ractor.receive + 'r3'
end

r2 = Ractor.new r3 do |r3|
  r3.send Ractor.receive + 'r2'
end

r1 = Ractor.new r2 do |r2|
  r2.send Ractor.receive + 'r1'
end

r1 << 'r0'
p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r1r2r3"

Supervise ↑

# ring example again

r = Ractor.current
(1..10).map{|i|
  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
    r.send Ractor.receive + "r#{i}"
  end
}

r.send "r0"
p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"

# ring example with an error

r = Ractor.current
rs = (1..10).map{|i|
  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
    loop do
      msg = Ractor.receive
      raise if /e/ =~ msg
      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
    end
  end
}

r.send "r0"
p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
r.send "r0"
p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current) #=> [:receive, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
r.send "e0"
p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
#=>
# <Thread:0x000056262de28bd8 run> terminated with exception (report_on_exception is true):
# Traceback (most recent call last):
#         2: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
#         1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `loop'
# /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:9:in `block (3 levels) in <main>': unhandled exception
# Traceback (most recent call last):
#         2: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
#         1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:7:in `loop'
# /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:9:in `block (3 levels) in <main>': unhandled exception
#         1: from /home/ko1/src/ruby/trunk/test.rb:21:in `<main>'
# <internal:ractor>:69:in `select': thrown by remote Ractor. (Ractor::RemoteError)

# resend non-error message

r = Ractor.current
rs = (1..10).map{|i|
  r = Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
    loop do
      msg = Ractor.receive
      raise if /e/ =~ msg
      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
    end
  end
}

r.send "r0"
p Ractor.receive #=> "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"
r.send "r0"
p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
[:receive, "r0r10r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]
msg = 'e0'
begin
  r.send msg
  p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
rescue Ractor::RemoteError
  msg = 'r0'
  retry
end

#=> <internal:ractor>:100:in `send': The incoming-port is already closed (Ractor::ClosedError)
# because r == r[-1] is terminated.

# ring example with supervisor and re-start

def make_ractor r, i
  Ractor.new r, i do |r, i|
    loop do
      msg = Ractor.receive
      raise if /e/ =~ msg
      r.send msg + "r#{i}"
    end
  end
end

r = Ractor.current
rs = (1..10).map{|i|
  r = make_ractor(r, i)
}

msg = 'e0' # error causing message
begin
  r.send msg
  p Ractor.select(*rs, Ractor.current)
rescue Ractor::RemoteError
  r = rs[-1] = make_ractor(rs[-2], rs.size-1)
  msg = 'x0'
  retry
end

#=> [:receive, "x0r9r9r8r7r6r5r4r3r2r1"]