class CSV

CSV ↑

CSV Data ↑

CSV (comma-separated values) data is a text representation of a table:

This CSV String, with row separator "\n" and column separator ",", has three rows and two columns:

"foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Despite the name CSV, a CSV representation can use different separators.

For more about tables, see the Wikipedia article “Table (information)”, especially its section “Simple table”

Class CSV ↑

Class CSV provides methods for:

To make CSV available:

require 'csv'

All examples here assume that this has been done.

Keeping It Simple ↑

A CSV object has dozens of instance methods that offer fine-grained control of parsing and generating CSV data. For many needs, though, simpler approaches will do.

This section summarizes the singleton methods in CSV that allow you to parse and generate without explicitly creating CSV objects. For details, follow the links.

Simple Parsing ↑

Parsing methods commonly return either of:

Parsing a String ↑

The input to be parsed can be a string:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Method CSV.parse returns the entire CSV data:

CSV.parse(string) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Method CSV.parse_line returns only the first row:

CSV.parse_line(string) # => ["foo", "0"]

CSV extends class String with instance method String#parse_csv, which also returns only the first row:

string.parse_csv # => ["foo", "0"]

Parsing Via a File Path ↑

The input to be parsed can be in a file:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)

Method CSV.read returns the entire CSV data:

CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Method CSV.foreach iterates, passing each row to the given block:

CSV.foreach(path) do |row|
  p row
end

Output:

["foo", "0"]
["bar", "1"]
["baz", "2"]

Method CSV.table returns the entire CSV data as a CSV::Table object:

CSV.table(path) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:3>

Parsing from an Open IO Stream ↑

The input to be parsed can be in an open IO stream:

Method CSV.read returns the entire CSV data:

File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.read(file)
end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

As does method CSV.parse:

File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.parse(file)
end # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Method CSV.parse_line returns only the first row:

File.open(path) do |file|
 CSV.parse_line(file)
end # => ["foo", "0"]

Method CSV.foreach iterates, passing each row to the given block:

File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.foreach(file) do |row|
    p row
  end
end

Output:

["foo", "0"]
["bar", "1"]
["baz", "2"]

Method CSV.table returns the entire CSV data as a CSV::Table object:

File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.table(file)
end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:3>

Simple Generating ↑

Method CSV.generate returns a String; this example uses method CSV#<< to append the rows that are to be generated:

output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << ['foo', 0]
  csv << ['bar', 1]
  csv << ['baz', 2]
end
output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Method CSV.generate_line returns a String containing the single row constructed from an Array:

CSV.generate_line(['foo', '0']) # => "foo,0\n"

CSV extends class Array with instance method Array#to_csv, which forms an Array into a String:

['foo', '0'].to_csv # => "foo,0\n"

“Filtering” CSV ↑

Method CSV.filter provides a Unix-style filter for CSV data. The input data is processed to form the output data:

in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
out_string = ''
CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
  row[0] = row[0].upcase
  row[1] *= 4
end
out_string # => "FOO,0000\nBAR,1111\nBAZ,2222\n"

CSV Objects ↑

There are three ways to create a CSV object:

Instance Methods ↑

CSV has three groups of instance methods:

Delegated Methods ↑

For convenience, a CSV object will delegate to many methods in class IO. (A few have wrapper “guard code” in CSV.) You may call:

Options ↑

The default values for options are:

DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
  # For both parsing and generating.
  col_sep:            ",",
  row_sep:            :auto,
  quote_char:         '"',
  # For parsing.
  field_size_limit:   nil,
  converters:         nil,
  unconverted_fields: nil,
  headers:            false,
  return_headers:     false,
  header_converters:  nil,
  skip_blanks:        false,
  skip_lines:         nil,
  liberal_parsing:    false,
  nil_value:          nil,
  empty_value:        "",
  strip:              false,
  # For generating.
  write_headers:      nil,
  quote_empty:        true,
  force_quotes:       false,
  write_converters:   nil,
  write_nil_value:    nil,
  write_empty_value:  "",
}

Options for Parsing ↑

Options for parsing, described in detail below, include:

Option row_sep ↑

Specifies the row separator, a String or the Symbol :auto (see below), to be used for both parsing and generating.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:row_sep) # => :auto

When row_sep is a String, that String becomes the row separator. The String will be transcoded into the data’s Encoding before use.

Using "\n":

row_sep = "\n"
str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using | (pipe):

row_sep = '|'
str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0|bar,1|baz,2|"
ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using -- (two hyphens):

row_sep = '--'
str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0--bar,1--baz,2--"
ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using '' (empty string):

row_sep = ''
str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0bar,1baz,2"
ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
ary # => [["foo", "0bar", "1baz", "2"]]

When row_sep is the Symbol :auto (the default), generating uses "\n" as the row separator:

str = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Parsing, on the other hand, invokes auto-discovery of the row separator.

Auto-discovery reads ahead in the data looking for the next \r\n, \n, or \r sequence. The sequence will be selected even if it occurs in a quoted field, assuming that you would have the same line endings there.

Example:

str = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

The default $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR ($/) is used if any of the following is true:

Obviously, discovery takes a little time. Set manually if speed is important. Also note that IO objects should be opened in binary mode on Windows if this feature will be used as the line-ending translation can cause problems with resetting the document position to where it was before the read ahead.

Option col_sep ↑

Specifies the String field separator to be used for both parsing and generating. The String will be transcoded into the data’s Encoding before use.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:col_sep) # => "," (comma)

Using the default (comma):

str = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using : (colon):

col_sep = ':'
str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo:0\nbar:1\nbaz:2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using :: (two colons):

col_sep = '::'
str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo::0\nbar::1\nbaz::2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using '' (empty string):

col_sep = ''
str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo0\nbar1\nbaz2\n"

Raises an exception if parsing with the empty String:

col_sep = ''
# Raises ArgumentError (:col_sep must be 1 or more characters: "")
CSV.parse("foo0\nbar1\nbaz2\n", col_sep: col_sep)
Option quote_char ↑

Specifies the character (String of length 1) used used to quote fields in both parsing and generating. This String will be transcoded into the data’s Encoding before use.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:quote_char) # => "\"" (double quote)

This is useful for an application that incorrectly uses ' (single-quote) to quote fields, instead of the correct " (double-quote).

Using the default (double quote):

str = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << ['foo', 0]
  csv << ["'bar'", 1]
  csv << ['"baz"', 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\n'bar',1\n\"\"\"baz\"\"\",2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["'bar'", "1"], ["\"baz\"", "2"]]

Using ' (single-quote):

quote_char = "'"
str = CSV.generate(quote_char: quote_char) do |csv|
  csv << ['foo', 0]
  csv << ["'bar'", 1]
  csv << ['"baz"', 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\n'''bar''',1\n\"baz\",2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str, quote_char: quote_char)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["'bar'", "1"], ["\"baz\"", "2"]]

Raises an exception if the String length is greater than 1:

# Raises ArgumentError (:quote_char has to be nil or a single character String)
CSV.new('', quote_char: 'xx')

Raises an exception if the value is not a String:

# Raises ArgumentError (:quote_char has to be nil or a single character String)
CSV.new('', quote_char: :foo)
Option field_size_limit ↑

Specifies the Integer field size limit.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:field_size_limit) # => nil

This is a maximum size CSV will read ahead looking for the closing quote for a field. (In truth, it reads to the first line ending beyond this size.) If a quote cannot be found within the limit CSV will raise a MalformedCSVError, assuming the data is faulty. You can use this limit to prevent what are effectively DoS attacks on the parser. However, this limit can cause a legitimate parse to fail; therefore the default value is nil (no limit).

For the examples in this section:

str = <<~EOT
  "a","b"
  "
  2345
  ",""
EOT
str # => "\"a\",\"b\"\n\"\n2345\n\",\"\"\n"

Using the default nil:

ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["a", "b"], ["\n2345\n", ""]]

Using 50:

field_size_limit = 50
ary = CSV.parse(str, field_size_limit: field_size_limit)
ary # => [["a", "b"], ["\n2345\n", ""]]

Raises an exception if a field is too long:

big_str = "123456789\n" * 1024
# Raises CSV::MalformedCSVError (Field size exceeded in line 1.)
CSV.parse('valid,fields,"' + big_str + '"', field_size_limit: 2048)
Option converters ↑

Specifies converters to be used in parsing fields. See Field Converters

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:converters) # => nil

The value may be a field converter name (see Stored Converters):

str = '1,2,3'
# Without a converter
array = CSV.parse_line(str)
array # => ["1", "2", "3"]
# With built-in converter :integer
array = CSV.parse_line(str, converters: :integer)
array # => [1, 2, 3]

The value may be a converter list (see Converter Lists):

str = '1,3.14159'
# Without converters
array = CSV.parse_line(str)
array # => ["1", "3.14159"]
# With built-in converters
array = CSV.parse_line(str, converters: [:integer, :float])
array # => [1, 3.14159]

The value may be a Proc custom converter: (see Custom Field Converters):

str = ' foo  ,  bar  ,  baz  '
# Without a converter
array = CSV.parse_line(str)
array # => [" foo  ", "  bar  ", "  baz  "]
# With a custom converter
array = CSV.parse_line(str, converters: proc {|field| field.strip })
array # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]

See also Custom Field Converters

Raises an exception if the converter is not a converter name or a Proc:

str = 'foo,0'
# Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
CSV.parse(str, converters: :foo)
Option unconverted_fields ↑

Specifies the boolean that determines whether unconverted field values are to be available.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:unconverted_fields) # => nil

The unconverted field values are those found in the source data, prior to any conversions performed via option converters.

When option unconverted_fields is true, each returned row (Array or CSV::Row) has an added method, unconverted_fields, that returns the unconverted field values:

str = <<-EOT
foo,0
bar,1
baz,2
EOT
# Without unconverted_fields
csv = CSV.parse(str, converters: :integer)
csv # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
csv.first.respond_to?(:unconverted_fields) # => false
# With unconverted_fields
csv = CSV.parse(str, converters: :integer, unconverted_fields: true)
csv # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]
csv.first.respond_to?(:unconverted_fields) # => true
csv.first.unconverted_fields # => ["foo", "0"]
Option headers ↑

Specifies a boolean, Symbol, Array, or String to be used to define column headers.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:headers) # => false

Without headers:

str = <<-EOT
Name,Count
foo,0
bar,1
bax,2
EOT
csv = CSV.new(str)
csv # => #<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">
csv.headers # => nil
csv.shift # => ["Name", "Count"]

If set to true or the Symbol :first_row, the first row of the data is treated as a row of headers:

str = <<-EOT
Name,Count
foo,0
bar,1
bax,2
EOT
csv = CSV.new(str, headers: true)
csv # => #<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:2 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"" headers:["Name", "Count"]>
csv.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">

If set to an Array, the Array elements are treated as headers:

str = <<-EOT
foo,0
bar,1
bax,2
EOT
csv = CSV.new(str, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
csv
csv.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">

If set to a String str, method CSV::parse_line(str, options) is called with the current options, and the returned Array is treated as headers:

str = <<-EOT
foo,0
bar,1
bax,2
EOT
csv = CSV.new(str, headers: 'Name,Count')
csv
csv.headers # => ["Name", "Count"]
csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
Option return_headers ↑

Specifies the boolean that determines whether method shift returns or ignores the header row.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:return_headers) # => false

Examples:

str = <<-EOT
Name,Count
foo,0
bar,1
bax,2
EOT
# Without return_headers first row is str.
csv = CSV.new(str, headers: true)
csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
# With return_headers first row is headers.
csv = CSV.new(str, headers: true, return_headers: true)
csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"Name" "Count":"Count">
Option header_converters ↑

Specifies converters to be used in parsing headers. See Header Converters

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:header_converters) # => nil

Identical in functionality to option converters except that:

This section assumes prior execution of:

str = <<-EOT
Name,Value
foo,0
bar,1
baz,2
EOT
# With no header converter
table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true)
table.headers # => ["Name", "Value"]

The value may be a header converter name (see Stored Converters):

table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
table.headers # => ["name", "value"]

The value may be a converter list (see Converter Lists):

header_converters = [:downcase, :symbol]
table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: header_converters)
table.headers # => [:name, :value]

The value may be a Proc custom converter (see Custom Header Converters):

upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.upcase }
table = CSV.parse(str, headers: true, header_converters: upcase_converter)
table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]

See also Custom Header Converters

Option skip_blanks ↑

Specifies a boolean that determines whether blank lines in the input will be ignored; a line that contains a column separator is not considered to be blank.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:skip_blanks) # => false

See also option skiplines.

For examples in this section:

str = <<-EOT
foo,0

bar,1
baz,2

,
EOT

Using the default, false:

ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], [], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], [], [nil, nil]]

Using true:

ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_blanks: true)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], [nil, nil]]

Using a truthy value:

ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_blanks: :foo)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], [nil, nil]]
Option skip_lines ↑

Specifies an object to use in identifying comment lines in the input that are to be ignored:

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:skip_lines) # => nil

For examples in this section:

str = <<-EOT
# Comment
foo,0
bar,1
baz,2
# Another comment
EOT
str # => "# Comment\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n# Another comment\n"

Using the default, nil:

ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["# Comment"], ["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"], ["# Another comment"]]

Using a Regexp:

ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_lines: /^#/)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using a String:

ary = CSV.parse(str, skip_lines: '#')
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Raises an exception if given an object that is not a Regexp, a String, or nil:

# Raises ArgumentError (:skip_lines has to respond to #match: 0)
CSV.parse(str, skip_lines: 0)
Option strip ↑

Specifies the boolean value that determines whether whitespace is stripped from each input field.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:strip) # => false

With default value false:

ary = CSV.parse_line(' a , b ')
ary # => [" a ", " b "]

With value true:

ary = CSV.parse_line(' a , b ', strip: true)
ary # => ["a", "b"]
Option liberal_parsing ↑

Specifies the boolean or hash value that determines whether CSV will attempt to parse input not conformant with RFC 4180, such as double quotes in unquoted fields.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:liberal_parsing) # => false

For the next two examples:

str = 'is,this "three, or four",fields'

Without liberal_parsing:

# Raises CSV::MalformedCSVError (Illegal quoting in str 1.)
CSV.parse_line(str)

With liberal_parsing:

ary = CSV.parse_line(str, liberal_parsing: true)
ary # => ["is", "this \"three", " or four\"", "fields"]

Use the backslash_quote sub-option to parse values that use a backslash to escape a double-quote character. This causes the parser to treat \" as if it were "".

For the next two examples:

str = 'Show,"Harry \"Handcuff\" Houdini, the one and only","Tampa Theater"'

With liberal_parsing, but without the backslash_quote sub-option:

# Incorrect interpretation of backslash; incorrectly interprets the quoted comma as a field separator.
ary = CSV.parse_line(str, liberal_parsing: true)
ary # => ["Show", "\"Harry \\\"Handcuff\\\" Houdini", " the one and only\"", "Tampa Theater"]
puts ary[1] # => "Harry \"Handcuff\" Houdini

With liberal_parsing and its backslash_quote sub-option:

ary = CSV.parse_line(str, liberal_parsing: { backslash_quote: true })
ary # => ["Show", "Harry \"Handcuff\" Houdini, the one and only", "Tampa Theater"]
puts ary[1] # => Harry "Handcuff" Houdini, the one and only
Option nil_value ↑

Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each null (no-text) field.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:nil_value) # => nil

With the default, nil:

CSV.parse_line('a,,b,,c') # => ["a", nil, "b", nil, "c"]

With a different object:

CSV.parse_line('a,,b,,c', nil_value: 0) # => ["a", 0, "b", 0, "c"]
Option empty_value ↑

Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each field that has an empty String.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:empty_value) # => "" (empty string)

With the default, "":

CSV.parse_line('a,"",b,"",c') # => ["a", "", "b", "", "c"]

With a different object:

CSV.parse_line('a,"",b,"",c', empty_value: 'x') # => ["a", "x", "b", "x", "c"]

Options for Generating ↑

Options for generating, described in detail below, include:

Option row_sep ↑

Specifies the row separator, a String or the Symbol :auto (see below), to be used for both parsing and generating.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:row_sep) # => :auto

When row_sep is a String, that String becomes the row separator. The String will be transcoded into the data’s Encoding before use.

Using "\n":

row_sep = "\n"
str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using | (pipe):

row_sep = '|'
str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0|bar,1|baz,2|"
ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using -- (two hyphens):

row_sep = '--'
str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0--bar,1--baz,2--"
ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using '' (empty string):

row_sep = ''
str = CSV.generate(row_sep: row_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0bar,1baz,2"
ary = CSV.parse(str, row_sep: row_sep)
ary # => [["foo", "0bar", "1baz", "2"]]

When row_sep is the Symbol :auto (the default), generating uses "\n" as the row separator:

str = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Parsing, on the other hand, invokes auto-discovery of the row separator.

Auto-discovery reads ahead in the data looking for the next \r\n, \n, or \r sequence. The sequence will be selected even if it occurs in a quoted field, assuming that you would have the same line endings there.

Example:

str = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

The default $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR ($/) is used if any of the following is true:

Obviously, discovery takes a little time. Set manually if speed is important. Also note that IO objects should be opened in binary mode on Windows if this feature will be used as the line-ending translation can cause problems with resetting the document position to where it was before the read ahead.

Option col_sep ↑

Specifies the String field separator to be used for both parsing and generating. The String will be transcoded into the data’s Encoding before use.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:col_sep) # => "," (comma)

Using the default (comma):

str = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using : (colon):

col_sep = ':'
str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo:0\nbar:1\nbaz:2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using :: (two colons):

col_sep = '::'
str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo::0\nbar::1\nbaz::2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str, col_sep: col_sep)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Using '' (empty string):

col_sep = ''
str = CSV.generate(col_sep: col_sep) do |csv|
  csv << [:foo, 0]
  csv << [:bar, 1]
  csv << [:baz, 2]
end
str # => "foo0\nbar1\nbaz2\n"

Raises an exception if parsing with the empty String:

col_sep = ''
# Raises ArgumentError (:col_sep must be 1 or more characters: "")
CSV.parse("foo0\nbar1\nbaz2\n", col_sep: col_sep)
Option quote_char ↑

Specifies the character (String of length 1) used used to quote fields in both parsing and generating. This String will be transcoded into the data’s Encoding before use.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:quote_char) # => "\"" (double quote)

This is useful for an application that incorrectly uses ' (single-quote) to quote fields, instead of the correct " (double-quote).

Using the default (double quote):

str = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << ['foo', 0]
  csv << ["'bar'", 1]
  csv << ['"baz"', 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\n'bar',1\n\"\"\"baz\"\"\",2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["'bar'", "1"], ["\"baz\"", "2"]]

Using ' (single-quote):

quote_char = "'"
str = CSV.generate(quote_char: quote_char) do |csv|
  csv << ['foo', 0]
  csv << ["'bar'", 1]
  csv << ['"baz"', 2]
end
str # => "foo,0\n'''bar''',1\n\"baz\",2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(str, quote_char: quote_char)
ary # => [["foo", "0"], ["'bar'", "1"], ["\"baz\"", "2"]]

Raises an exception if the String length is greater than 1:

# Raises ArgumentError (:quote_char has to be nil or a single character String)
CSV.new('', quote_char: 'xx')

Raises an exception if the value is not a String:

# Raises ArgumentError (:quote_char has to be nil or a single character String)
CSV.new('', quote_char: :foo)
Option write_headers ↑

Specifies the boolean that determines whether a header row is included in the output; ignored if there are no headers.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_headers) # => nil

Without write_headers:

file_path = 't.csv'
CSV.open(file_path,'w',
    :headers => ['Name','Value']
  ) do |csv|
    csv << ['foo', '0']
end
CSV.open(file_path) do |csv|
  csv.shift
end # => ["foo", "0"]

With write_headers“:

CSV.open(file_path,'w',
    :write_headers => true,
    :headers => ['Name','Value']
  ) do |csv|
    csv << ['foo', '0']
end
CSV.open(file_path) do |csv|
  csv.shift
end # => ["Name", "Value"]
Option force_quotes ↑

Specifies the boolean that determines whether each output field is to be double-quoted.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:force_quotes) # => false

For examples in this section:

ary = ['foo', 0, nil]

Using the default, false:

str = CSV.generate_line(ary)
str # => "foo,0,\n"

Using true:

str = CSV.generate_line(ary, force_quotes: true)
str # => "\"foo\",\"0\",\"\"\n"
Option quote_empty ↑

Specifies the boolean that determines whether an empty value is to be double-quoted.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:quote_empty) # => true

With the default true:

CSV.generate_line(['"', ""]) # => "\"\"\"\",\"\"\n"

With false:

CSV.generate_line(['"', ""], quote_empty: false) # => "\"\"\"\",\n"
Option write_converters ↑

Specifies converters to be used in generating fields. See Write Converters

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_converters) # => nil

With no write converter:

str = CSV.generate_line(["\na\n", "\tb\t", " c "])
str # => "\"\na\n\",\tb\t, c \n"

With a write converter:

strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
str = CSV.generate_line(["\na\n", "\tb\t", " c "], write_converters: strip_converter)
str # => "a,b,c\n"

With two write converters (called in order):

upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.upcase }
downcase_converter = proc {|field| field.downcase }
write_converters = [upcase_converter, downcase_converter]
str = CSV.generate_line(['a', 'b', 'c'], write_converters: write_converters)
str # => "a,b,c\n"

See also Write Converters

Option write_nil_value ↑

Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each nil-valued field.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_nil_value) # => nil

Without the option:

str = CSV.generate_line(['a', nil, 'c', nil])
str # => "a,,c,\n"

With the option:

str = CSV.generate_line(['a', nil, 'c', nil], write_nil_value: "x")
str # => "a,x,c,x\n"
Option write_empty_value ↑

Specifies the object that is to be substituted for each field that has an empty String.

Default value:

CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS.fetch(:write_empty_value) # => ""

Without the option:

str = CSV.generate_line(['a', '', 'c', ''])
str # => "a,\"\",c,\"\"\n"

With the option:

str = CSV.generate_line(['a', '', 'c', ''], write_empty_value: "x")
str # => "a,x,c,x\n"

CSV with Headers ↑

CSV allows to specify column names of CSV file, whether they are in data, or provided separately. If headers are specified, reading methods return an instance of CSV::Table, consisting of CSV::Row.

# Headers are part of data
data = CSV.parse(<<~ROWS, headers: true)
  Name,Department,Salary
  Bob,Engineering,1000
  Jane,Sales,2000
  John,Management,5000
ROWS

data.class      #=> CSV::Table
data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row "Name":"Bob" "Department":"Engineering" "Salary":"1000">
data.first.to_h #=> {"Name"=>"Bob", "Department"=>"Engineering", "Salary"=>"1000"}

# Headers provided by developer
data = CSV.parse('Bob,Engineering,1000', headers: %i[name department salary])
data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row name:"Bob" department:"Engineering" salary:"1000">

Converters ↑

By default, each value (field or header) parsed by CSV is formed into a String. You can use a field converter or header converter to intercept and modify the parsed values:

Also by default, each value to be written during generation is written ‘as-is’. You can use a write converter to modify values before writing.

Specifying Converters ↑

You can specify converters for parsing or generating in the options argument to various CSV methods:

There are three forms for specifying converters:

Converter Procs ↑

This converter proc, strip_converter, accepts a value field and returns field.strip:

strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }

In this call to CSV.parse, the keyword argument converters: string_converter specifies that:

Example:

string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

A converter proc can receive a second argument, field_info, that contains details about the field. This modified strip_converter displays its arguments:

strip_converter = proc do |field, field_info|
  p [field, field_info]
  field.strip
end
string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Output:

[" foo ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
[" 0 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
[" bar ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>]
[" 1 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>]
[" baz ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>]
[" 2 ", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>]

Each CSV::FieldInfo object shows:

Stored Converters ↑

A converter may be given a name and stored in a structure where the parsing methods can find it by name.

The storage structure for field converters is the Hash CSV::Converters. It has several built-in converter procs:

. This example creates a converter proc, then stores it:

strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter

Then the parsing method call can refer to the converter by its name, :strip:

string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
array = CSV.parse(string, converters: :strip)
array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

The storage structure for header converters is the Hash CSV::HeaderConverters, which works in the same way. It also has built-in converter procs:

There is no such storage structure for write headers.

In order for the parsing methods to access stored converters in non-main-Ractors, the storage structure must be made shareable first. Therefore, Ractor.make_shareable(CSV::Converters) and Ractor.make_shareable(CSV::HeaderConverters) must be called before the creation of Ractors that use the converters stored in these structures. (Since making the storage structures shareable involves freezing them, any custom converters that are to be used must be added first.)

Converter Lists ↑

A converter list is an Array that may include any assortment of:

Examples:

numeric_converters = [:integer, :float]
date_converters = [:date, :date_time]
[numeric_converters, strip_converter]
[strip_converter, date_converters, :float]

Like a converter proc, a converter list may be named and stored in either CSV::Converters or CSV::HeaderConverters:

CSV::Converters[:custom] = [strip_converter, date_converters, :float]
CSV::HeaderConverters[:custom] = [:downcase, :symbol]

There are two built-in converter lists:

CSV::Converters[:numeric] # => [:integer, :float]
CSV::Converters[:all] # => [:date_time, :numeric]

Field Converters ↑

With no conversion, all parsed fields in all rows become Strings:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
ary = CSV.parse(string)
ary # => # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

When you specify a field converter, each parsed field is passed to the converter; its return value becomes the stored value for the field. A converter might, for example, convert an integer embedded in a String into a true Integer. (In fact, that’s what built-in field converter :integer does.)

There are three ways to use field converters.

Installing a field converter does not affect already-read rows:

csv = CSV.new(string)
csv.shift # => ["foo", "0"]
# Add a converter.
csv.convert(:integer)
csv.converters # => [:integer]
csv.read # => [["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]

There are additional built-in converters, and custom converters are also supported.

Built-In Field Converters ↑

The built-in field converters are in Hash CSV::Converters:

Display:

CSV::Converters.each_pair do |name, value|
  if value.kind_of?(Proc)
    p [name, value.class]
  else
    p [name, value]
  end
end

Output:

[:integer, Proc]
[:float, Proc]
[:numeric, [:integer, :float]]
[:date, Proc]
[:date_time, Proc]
[:all, [:date_time, :numeric]]

Each of these converters transcodes values to UTF-8 before attempting conversion. If a value cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will fail and the value will remain unconverted.

Converter :integer converts each field that Integer() accepts:

data = '0,1,2,x'
# Without the converter
csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
csv # => ["0", "1", "2", "x"]
# With the converter
csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :integer)
csv # => [0, 1, 2, "x"]

Converter :float converts each field that Float() accepts:

data = '1.0,3.14159,x'
# Without the converter
csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
csv # => ["1.0", "3.14159", "x"]
# With the converter
csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :float)
csv # => [1.0, 3.14159, "x"]

Converter :numeric converts with both :integer and :float..

Converter :date converts each field that Date::parse accepts:

data = '2001-02-03,x'
# Without the converter
csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
csv # => ["2001-02-03", "x"]
# With the converter
csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :date)
csv # => [#<Date: 2001-02-03 ((2451944j,0s,0n),+0s,2299161j)>, "x"]

Converter :date_time converts each field that DateTime::parse accepts:

data = '2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00,x'
# Without the converter
csv = CSV.parse_line(data)
csv # => ["2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00", "x"]
# With the converter
csv = CSV.parse_line(data, converters: :date_time)
csv # => [#<DateTime: 2020-05-07T14:59:00-05:00 ((2458977j,71940s,0n),-18000s,2299161j)>, "x"]

Converter :numeric converts with both :date_time and :numeric..

As seen above, method convert adds converters to a CSV instance, and method converters returns an Array of the converters in effect:

csv = CSV.new('0,1,2')
csv.converters # => []
csv.convert(:integer)
csv.converters # => [:integer]
csv.convert(:date)
csv.converters # => [:integer, :date]
Custom Field Converters ↑

You can define a custom field converter:

strip_converter = proc {|field| field.strip }
string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
array = CSV.parse(string, converters: strip_converter)
array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

You can register the converter in Converters Hash, which allows you to refer to it by name:

CSV::Converters[:strip] = strip_converter
string = " foo , 0 \n bar , 1 \n baz , 2 \n"
array = CSV.parse(string, converters: :strip)
array # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Header Converters ↑

Header converters operate only on headers (and not on other rows).

There are three ways to use header converters; these examples use built-in header converter :downcase, which downcases each parsed header.

Built-In Header Converters ↑

The built-in header converters are in Hash CSV::HeaderConverters. The keys there are the names of the converters:

CSV::HeaderConverters.keys # => [:downcase, :symbol]

Converter :downcase converts each header by downcasing it:

string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :downcase)
tbl.class # => CSV::Table
tbl.headers # => ["name", "count"]

Converter :symbol converts each header by making it into a Symbol:

string = "Name,Count\nFoo,0\n,Bar,1\nBaz,2"
tbl = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :symbol)
tbl.headers # => [:name, :count]

Details:

Custom Header Converters ↑

You can define a custom header converter:

upcase_converter = proc {|header| header.upcase }
string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
table = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: upcase_converter)
table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]

You can register the converter in HeaderConverters Hash, which allows you to refer to it by name:

CSV::HeaderConverters[:upcase] = upcase_converter
table = CSV.parse(string, headers: true, header_converters: :upcase)
table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
table.headers # => ["NAME", "VALUE"]
Write Converters ↑

When you specify a write converter for generating CSV, each field to be written is passed to the converter; its return value becomes the new value for the field. A converter might, for example, strip whitespace from a field.

Using no write converter (all fields unmodified):

output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << [' foo ', 0]
  csv << [' bar ', 1]
  csv << [' baz ', 2]
end
output_string # => " foo ,0\n bar ,1\n baz ,2\n"

Using option write_converters with two custom write converters:

strip_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:strip) ? field.strip : field }
upcase_converter = proc {|field| field.respond_to?(:upcase) ? field.upcase : field }
write_converters = [strip_converter, upcase_converter]
output_string = CSV.generate(write_converters: write_converters) do |csv|
  csv << [' foo ', 0]
  csv << [' bar ', 1]
  csv << [' baz ', 2]
end
output_string # => "FOO,0\nBAR,1\nBAZ,2\n"

Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization) ↑

This new CSV parser is m17n savvy. The parser works in the Encoding of the IO or String object being read from or written to. Your data is never transcoded (unless you ask Ruby to transcode it for you) and will literally be parsed in the Encoding it is in. Thus CSV will return Arrays or Rows of Strings in the Encoding of your data. This is accomplished by transcoding the parser itself into your Encoding.

Some transcoding must take place, of course, to accomplish this multiencoding support. For example, :col_sep, :row_sep, and :quote_char must be transcoded to match your data. Hopefully this makes the entire process feel transparent, since CSV’s defaults should just magically work for your data. However, you can set these values manually in the target Encoding to avoid the translation.

It’s also important to note that while all of CSV’s core parser is now Encoding agnostic, some features are not. For example, the built-in converters will try to transcode data to UTF-8 before making conversions. Again, you can provide custom converters that are aware of your Encodings to avoid this translation. It’s just too hard for me to support native conversions in all of Ruby’s Encodings.

Anyway, the practical side of this is simple: make sure IO and String objects passed into CSV have the proper Encoding set and everything should just work. CSV methods that allow you to open IO objects (CSV::foreach(), CSV::open(), CSV::read(), and CSV::readlines()) do allow you to specify the Encoding.

One minor exception comes when generating CSV into a String with an Encoding that is not ASCII compatible. There’s no existing data for CSV to use to prepare itself and thus you will probably need to manually specify the desired Encoding for most of those cases. It will try to guess using the fields in a row of output though, when using CSV::generate_line() or Array#to_csv().

I try to point out any other Encoding issues in the documentation of methods as they come up.

This has been tested to the best of my ability with all non-“dummy” Encodings Ruby ships with. However, it is brave new code and may have some bugs. Please feel free to report any issues you find with it.

Constants

ConverterEncoding

The encoding used by all converters.

Converters

A Hash containing the names and Procs for the built-in field converters. See Built-In Field Converters.

This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen, and may be extended with custom field converters. See Custom Field Converters.

DEFAULT_OPTIONS

Default values for method options.

DateMatcher

A Regexp used to find and convert some common Date formats.

DateTimeMatcher

A Regexp used to find and convert some common DateTime formats.

FieldInfo

A FieldInfo Struct contains details about a field’s position in the data source it was read from. CSV will pass this Struct to some blocks that make decisions based on field structure. See CSV.convert_fields() for an example.

index

The zero-based index of the field in its row.

line

The line of the data source this row is from.

header

The header for the column, when available.

quoted?

True or false, whether the original value is quoted or not.

HeaderConverters

A Hash containing the names and Procs for the built-in header converters. See Built-In Header Converters.

This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen, and may be extended with custom field converters. See Custom Header Converters.

VERSION

The version of the installed library.

Attributes

encoding[R]

:call-seq:

csv.encoding -> encoding

Returns the encoding used for parsing and generating; see Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization):

CSV.new('').encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8>

Public Class Methods

filter(in_string_or_io, **options) {|row| ... } → array_of_arrays or csv_table click to toggle source
filter(in_string_or_io, out_string_or_io, **options) {|row| ... } → array_of_arrays or csv_table
filter(**options) {|row| ... } → array_of_arrays or csv_table

  • Parses CSV from a source (String, IO stream, or ARGF).

  • Calls the given block with each parsed row:

    • Without headers, each row is an Array.

    • With headers, each row is a CSV::Row.

  • Generates CSV to an output (String, IO stream, or STDOUT).

  • Returns the parsed source:

    • Without headers, an Array of Arrays.

    • With headers, a CSV::Table.

When in_string_or_io is given, but not out_string_or_io, parses from the given in_string_or_io and generates to STDOUT.

String input without headers:

in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
CSV.filter(in_string) do |row|
  row[0].upcase!
  row[1] = - row[1].to_i
end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]

Output (to STDOUT):

FOO,0
BAR,-1
BAZ,-2

String input with headers:

in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
CSV.filter(in_string, headers: true) do |row|
  row[0].upcase!
  row[1] = - row[1].to_i
end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>

Output (to STDOUT):

Name,Value
FOO,0
BAR,-1
BAZ,-2

IO stream input without headers:

File.write('t.csv', "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
  CSV.filter(in_io) do |row|
    row[0].upcase!
    row[1] = - row[1].to_i
  end
end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]

Output (to STDOUT):

FOO,0
BAR,-1
BAZ,-2

IO stream input with headers:

File.write('t.csv', "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
  CSV.filter(in_io, headers: true) do |row|
    row[0].upcase!
    row[1] = - row[1].to_i
  end
end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>

Output (to STDOUT):

Name,Value
FOO,0
BAR,-1
BAZ,-2

When both in_string_or_io and out_string_or_io are given, parses from in_string_or_io and generates to out_string_or_io.

String output without headers:

in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
out_string = ''
CSV.filter(in_string, out_string) do |row|
  row[0].upcase!
  row[1] = - row[1].to_i
end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]
out_string # => "FOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"

String output with headers:

in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
out_string = ''
CSV.filter(in_string, out_string, headers: true) do |row|
  row[0].upcase!
  row[1] = - row[1].to_i
end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
out_string # => "Name,Value\nFOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"

IO stream output without headers:

in_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
File.open('t.csv', 'w') do |out_io|
  CSV.filter(in_string, out_io) do |row|
    row[0].upcase!
    row[1] = - row[1].to_i
  end
end # => [["FOO", 0], ["BAR", -1], ["BAZ", -2]]
File.read('t.csv') # => "FOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"

IO stream output with headers:

in_string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2"
File.open('t.csv', 'w') do |out_io|
  CSV.filter(in_string, out_io, headers: true) do |row|
    row[0].upcase!
    row[1] = - row[1].to_i
  end
end # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>
File.read('t.csv') # => "Name,Value\nFOO,0\nBAR,-1\nBAZ,-2\n"

When neither in_string_or_io nor out_string_or_io given, parses from ARGF and generates to STDOUT.

Without headers:

# Put Ruby code into a file.
ruby = <<-EOT
  require 'csv'
  CSV.filter do |row|
    row[0].upcase!
    row[1] = - row[1].to_i
  end
EOT
File.write('t.rb', ruby)
# Put some CSV into a file.
File.write('t.csv', "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
# Run the Ruby code with CSV filename as argument.
system(Gem.ruby, "t.rb", "t.csv")

Output (to STDOUT):

FOO,0
BAR,-1
BAZ,-2

With headers:

# Put Ruby code into a file.
ruby = <<-EOT
  require 'csv'
  CSV.filter(headers: true) do |row|
    row[0].upcase!
    row[1] = - row[1].to_i
  end
EOT
File.write('t.rb', ruby)
# Put some CSV into a file.
File.write('t.csv', "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2")
# Run the Ruby code with CSV filename as argument.
system(Gem.ruby, "t.rb", "t.csv")

Output (to STDOUT):

Name,Value
FOO,0
BAR,-1
BAZ,-2

Arguments:

  • Argument in_string_or_io must be a String or an IO stream.

  • Argument out_string_or_io must be a String or an IO stream.

  • Arguments **options must be keyword options. See Options for Parsing.

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1202
def filter(input=nil, output=nil, **options)
  # parse options for input, output, or both
  in_options, out_options = Hash.new, {row_sep: InputRecordSeparator.value}
  options.each do |key, value|
    case key
    when /\Ain(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
      in_options[$1.to_sym] = value
    when /\Aout(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
      out_options[$1.to_sym] = value
    else
      in_options[key]  = value
      out_options[key] = value
    end
  end

  # build input and output wrappers
  input  = new(input  || ARGF, **in_options)
  output = new(output || $stdout, **out_options)

  # process headers
  need_manual_header_output =
    (in_options[:headers] and
     out_options[:headers] == true and
     out_options[:write_headers])
  if need_manual_header_output
    first_row = input.shift
    if first_row
      if first_row.is_a?(Row)
        headers = first_row.headers
        yield headers
        output << headers
      end
      yield first_row
      output << first_row
    end
  end

  # read, yield, write
  input.each do |row|
    yield row
    output << row
  end
end
foreach(path_or_io, mode='r', **options) {|row| ... ) click to toggle source
foreach(path_or_io, mode='r', **options) → new_enumerator

Calls the block with each row read from source path_or_io.

Path input without headers:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
in_path = 't.csv'
File.write(in_path, string)
CSV.foreach(in_path) {|row| p row }

Output:

["foo", "0"]
["bar", "1"]
["baz", "2"]

Path input with headers:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
in_path = 't.csv'
File.write(in_path, string)
CSV.foreach(in_path, headers: true) {|row| p row }

Output:

<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">

IO stream input without headers:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
  CSV.foreach(in_io) {|row| p row }
end

Output:

["foo", "0"]
["bar", "1"]
["baz", "2"]

IO stream input with headers:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
  CSV.foreach(in_io, headers: true) {|row| p row }
end

Output:

<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">

With no block given, returns an Enumerator:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
CSV.foreach(path) # => #<Enumerator: CSV:foreach("t.csv", "r")>

Arguments:

  • Argument path_or_io must be a file path or an IO stream.

  • Argument mode, if given, must be a File mode. See Access Modes.

  • Arguments **options must be keyword options. See Options for Parsing.

  • This method optionally accepts an additional :encoding option that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data read from path or io. You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding given by Encoding::default_external. Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data. You may provide a second Encoding to have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,

    encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'

    would read UTF-32BE data from the file but transcode it to UTF-8 before parsing.

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1332
def foreach(path, mode="r", **options, &block)
  return to_enum(__method__, path, mode, **options) unless block_given?
  open(path, mode, **options) do |csv|
    csv.each(&block)
  end
end
generate(csv_string, **options) {|csv| ... } click to toggle source
generate(**options) {|csv| ... }

  • Argument csv_string, if given, must be a String object; defaults to a new empty String.

  • Arguments options, if given, should be generating options. See Options for Generating.

Creates a new CSV object via CSV.new(csv_string, **options); calls the block with the CSV object, which the block may modify; returns the String generated from the CSV object.

Note that a passed String is modified by this method. Pass csv_string.dup if the String must be preserved.

This method has one additional option: :encoding, which sets the base Encoding for the output if no no str is specified. CSV needs this hint if you plan to output non-ASCII compatible data.

Add lines:

input_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
output_string = CSV.generate(input_string) do |csv|
  csv << ['bat', 3]
  csv << ['bam', 4]
end
output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
input_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
output_string.equal?(input_string) # => true # Same string, modified

Add lines into new string, preserving old string:

input_string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
output_string = CSV.generate(input_string.dup) do |csv|
  csv << ['bat', 3]
  csv << ['bam', 4]
end
output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\nbat,3\nbam,4\n"
input_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
output_string.equal?(input_string) # => false # Different strings

Create lines from nothing:

output_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << ['foo', 0]
  csv << ['bar', 1]
  csv << ['baz', 2]
end
output_string # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Raises an exception if csv_string is not a String object:

# Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Integer into String)
CSV.generate(0)

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1398
def generate(str=nil, **options)
  encoding = options[:encoding]
  # add a default empty String, if none was given
  if str
    str = StringIO.new(str)
    str.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
    str.set_encoding(encoding) if encoding
  else
    str = +""
    str.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
  end
  csv = new(str, **options) # wrap
  yield csv         # yield for appending
  csv.string        # return final String
end
generate_line(ary) click to toggle source
generate_line(ary, **options)

Returns the String created by generating CSV from ary using the specified options.

Argument ary must be an Array.

Special options:

  • Option :row_sep defaults to "\n"> on Ruby 3.0 or later and <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR ($/) otherwise.:

    $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR # => "\n"

  • This method accepts an additional option, :encoding, which sets the base Encoding for the output. This method will try to guess your Encoding from the first non-nil field in row, if possible, but you may need to use this parameter as a backup plan.

For other options, see Options for Generating.

Returns the String generated from an Array:

CSV.generate_line(['foo', '0']) # => "foo,0\n"

Raises an exception if ary is not an Array:

# Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `find' for :foo:Symbol)
CSV.generate_line(:foo)

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1446
def generate_line(row, **options)
  options = {row_sep: InputRecordSeparator.value}.merge(options)
  str = +""
  if options[:encoding]
    str.force_encoding(options[:encoding])
  else
    fallback_encoding = nil
    output_encoding = nil
    row.each do |field|
      next unless field.is_a?(String)
      fallback_encoding ||= field.encoding
      next if field.ascii_only?
      output_encoding = field.encoding
      break
    end
    output_encoding ||= fallback_encoding
    if output_encoding
      str.force_encoding(output_encoding)
    end
  end
  (new(str, **options) << row).string
end
generate_lines(rows) click to toggle source
generate_lines(rows, **options)

Returns the String created by generating CSV from using the specified options.

Argument rows must be an Array of row. Row is Array of String or CSV::Row.

Special options:

  • Option :row_sep defaults to "\n" on Ruby 3.0 or later and $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR ($/) otherwise.:

    $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR # => "\n"

  • This method accepts an additional option, :encoding, which sets the base Encoding for the output. This method will try to guess your Encoding from the first non-nil field in row, if possible, but you may need to use this parameter as a backup plan.

For other options, see Options for Generating.

Returns the String generated from an

CSV.generate_lines([['foo', '0'], ['bar', '1'], ['baz', '2']]) # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Raises an exception

# Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `each' for :foo:Symbol)
CSV.generate_lines(:foo)

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1501
def generate_lines(rows, **options)
  self.generate(**options) do |csv|
    rows.each do |row|
      csv << row
    end
  end
end
instance(string, **options) click to toggle source
instance(io = $stdout, **options)
instance(string, **options) {|csv| ... }
instance(io = $stdout, **options) {|csv| ... }

Creates or retrieves cached CSV objects. For arguments and options, see CSV.new.

This API is not Ractor-safe.

With no block given, returns a CSV object.

The first call to instance creates and caches a CSV object:

s0 = 's0'
csv0 = CSV.instance(s0)
csv0.class # => CSV

Subsequent calls to instance with that same string or io retrieve that same cached object:

csv1 = CSV.instance(s0)
csv1.class # => CSV
csv1.equal?(csv0) # => true # Same CSV object

A subsequent call to instance with a different string or io creates and caches a different CSV object.

s1 = 's1'
csv2 = CSV.instance(s1)
csv2.equal?(csv0) # => false # Different CSV object

All the cached objects remains available:

csv3 = CSV.instance(s0)
csv3.equal?(csv0) # true # Same CSV object
csv4 = CSV.instance(s1)
csv4.equal?(csv2) # true # Same CSV object

When a block is given, calls the block with the created or retrieved CSV object; returns the block’s return value:

CSV.instance(s0) {|csv| :foo } # => :foo

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1006
def instance(data = $stdout, **options)
  # create a _signature_ for this method call, data object and options
  sig = [data.object_id] +
        options.values_at(*DEFAULT_OPTIONS.keys)

  # fetch or create the instance for this signature
  @@instances ||= Hash.new
  instance = (@@instances[sig] ||= new(data, **options))

  if block_given?
    yield instance  # run block, if given, returning result
  else
    instance        # or return the instance
  end
end
new(string) click to toggle source
new(io)
new(string, **options)
new(io, **options)

Returns the new CSV object created using string or io and the specified options.

  • Argument string should be a String object; it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.

  • Argument io should be an IO object that is:

    • Open for reading; on return, the IO object will be closed.

    • Positioned at the beginning. To position at the end, for appending, use method CSV.generate. For any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.

  • Argument options: See:

    For performance reasons, the options cannot be overridden in a CSV object, so those specified here will endure.

In addition to the CSV instance methods, several IO methods are delegated. See Delegated Methods.

Create a CSV object from a String object:

csv = CSV.new('foo,0')
csv # => #<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Create a CSV object from a File object:

File.write('t.csv', 'foo,0')
csv = CSV.new(File.open('t.csv'))
csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Raises an exception if the argument is nil:

# Raises ArgumentError (Cannot parse nil as CSV):
CSV.new(nil)

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1905
def initialize(data,
               col_sep: ",",
               row_sep: :auto,
               quote_char: '"',
               field_size_limit: nil,
               max_field_size: nil,
               converters: nil,
               unconverted_fields: nil,
               headers: false,
               return_headers: false,
               write_headers: nil,
               header_converters: nil,
               skip_blanks: false,
               force_quotes: false,
               skip_lines: nil,
               liberal_parsing: false,
               internal_encoding: nil,
               external_encoding: nil,
               encoding: nil,
               nil_value: nil,
               empty_value: "",
               strip: false,
               quote_empty: true,
               write_converters: nil,
               write_nil_value: nil,
               write_empty_value: "")
  raise ArgumentError.new("Cannot parse nil as CSV") if data.nil?

  if data.is_a?(String)
    if encoding
      if encoding.is_a?(String)
        data_external_encoding, data_internal_encoding = encoding.split(":", 2)
        if data_internal_encoding
          data = data.encode(data_internal_encoding, data_external_encoding)
        else
          data = data.dup.force_encoding(data_external_encoding)
        end
      else
        data = data.dup.force_encoding(encoding)
      end
    end
    @io = StringIO.new(data)
  else
    @io = data
  end
  @encoding = determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding)

  @base_fields_converter_options = {
    nil_value: nil_value,
    empty_value: empty_value,
  }
  @write_fields_converter_options = {
    nil_value: write_nil_value,
    empty_value: write_empty_value,
  }
  @initial_converters = converters
  @initial_header_converters = header_converters
  @initial_write_converters = write_converters

  if max_field_size.nil? and field_size_limit
    max_field_size = field_size_limit - 1
  end
  @parser_options = {
    column_separator: col_sep,
    row_separator: row_sep,
    quote_character: quote_char,
    max_field_size: max_field_size,
    unconverted_fields: unconverted_fields,
    headers: headers,
    return_headers: return_headers,
    skip_blanks: skip_blanks,
    skip_lines: skip_lines,
    liberal_parsing: liberal_parsing,
    encoding: @encoding,
    nil_value: nil_value,
    empty_value: empty_value,
    strip: strip,
  }
  @parser = nil
  @parser_enumerator = nil
  @eof_error = nil

  @writer_options = {
    encoding: @encoding,
    force_encoding: (not encoding.nil?),
    force_quotes: force_quotes,
    headers: headers,
    write_headers: write_headers,
    column_separator: col_sep,
    row_separator: row_sep,
    quote_character: quote_char,
    quote_empty: quote_empty,
  }

  @writer = nil
  writer if @writer_options[:write_headers]
end
open(file_path, mode = "rb", **options ) → new_csv click to toggle source
open(io, mode = "rb", **options ) → new_csv
open(file_path, mode = "rb", **options ) { |csv| ... } → object
open(io, mode = "rb", **options ) { |csv| ... } → object

possible options elements:

keyword form:
  :invalid => nil      # raise error on invalid byte sequence (default)
  :invalid => :replace # replace invalid byte sequence
  :undef => :replace   # replace undefined conversion
  :replace => string   # replacement string ("?" or "\uFFFD" if not specified)

  • Argument path, if given, must be the path to a file.

  • Argument io should be an IO object that is:

    • Open for reading; on return, the IO object will be closed.

    • Positioned at the beginning. To position at the end, for appending, use method CSV.generate. For any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.

  • Argument mode, if given, must be a File mode. See Access Modes.

  • Arguments **options must be keyword options. See Options for Generating.

  • This method optionally accepts an additional :encoding option that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data read from path or io. You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding given by Encoding::default_external. Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data. You may provide a second Encoding to have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,

    encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'

    would read UTF-32BE data from the file but transcode it to UTF-8 before parsing.

These examples assume prior execution of:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)

With no block given, returns a new CSV object.

Create a CSV object using a file path:

csv = CSV.open(path)
csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Create a CSV object using an open File:

csv = CSV.open(File.open(path))
csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

With a block given, calls the block with the created CSV object; returns the block’s return value:

Using a file path:

csv = CSV.open(path) {|csv| p csv}
csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Output:

#<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Using an open File:

csv = CSV.open(File.open(path)) {|csv| p csv}
csv # => #<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Output:

#<CSV io_type:File io_path:"t.csv" encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:"," row_sep:"\n" quote_char:"\"">

Raises an exception if the argument is not a String object or IO object:

# Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into String)
CSV.open(:foo)

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1581
def open(filename, mode="r", **options)
  # wrap a File opened with the remaining +args+ with no newline
  # decorator
  file_opts = options.dup
  unless file_opts.key?(:newline)
    file_opts[:universal_newline] ||= false
  end
  options.delete(:invalid)
  options.delete(:undef)
  options.delete(:replace)
  options.delete_if {|k, _| /newline\z/.match?(k)}

  begin
    f = File.open(filename, mode, **file_opts)
  rescue ArgumentError => e
    raise unless /needs binmode/.match?(e.message) and mode == "r"
    mode = "rb"
    file_opts = {encoding: Encoding.default_external}.merge(file_opts)
    retry
  end
  begin
    csv = new(f, **options)
  rescue Exception
    f.close
    raise
  end

  # handle blocks like Ruby's open(), not like the CSV library
  if block_given?
    begin
      yield csv
    ensure
      csv.close
    end
  else
    csv
  end
end
parse(string) → array_of_arrays click to toggle source
parse(io) → array_of_arrays
parse(string, headers: ..., **options) → csv_table
parse(io, headers: ..., **options) → csv_table
parse(string, **options) {|row| ... }
parse(io, **options) {|row| ... }

Parses string or io using the specified options.

  • Argument string should be a String object; it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.

  • Argument io should be an IO object that is:

    • Open for reading; on return, the IO object will be closed.

    • Positioned at the beginning. To position at the end, for appending, use method CSV.generate. For any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.

  • Argument options: see Options for Parsing

Without Option headers ↑

Without {option headers} case.

These examples assume prior execution of:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)

With no block given, returns an Array of Arrays formed from the source.

Parse a String:

a_of_a = CSV.parse(string)
a_of_a # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

Parse an open File:

a_of_a = File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.parse(file)
end
a_of_a # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

With a block given, calls the block with each parsed row:

Parse a String:

CSV.parse(string) {|row| p row }

Output:

["foo", "0"]
["bar", "1"]
["baz", "2"]

Parse an open File:

File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.parse(file) {|row| p row }
end

Output:

["foo", "0"]
["bar", "1"]
["baz", "2"]
With Option headers ↑

With {option headers} case.

These examples assume prior execution of:

string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)

With no block given, returns a CSV::Table object formed from the source.

Parse a String:

csv_table = CSV.parse(string, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
csv_table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:5>

Parse an open File:

csv_table = File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.parse(file, headers: ['Name', 'Count'])
end
csv_table # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>

With a block given, calls the block with each parsed row, which has been formed into a CSV::Row object:

Parse a String:

CSV.parse(string, headers: ['Name', 'Count']) {|row| p row }

Output:

# <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
# <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
# <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">

Parse an open File:

File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.parse(file, headers: ['Name', 'Count']) {|row| p row }
end

Output:

# <CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">
# <CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Count":"1">
# <CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Count":"2">

Raises an exception if the argument is not a String object or IO object:

# Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `close' for :foo:Symbol)
CSV.parse(:foo)

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1732
def parse(str, **options, &block)
  csv = new(str, **options)

  return csv.each(&block) if block_given?

  # slurp contents, if no block is given
  begin
    csv.read
  ensure
    csv.close
  end
end
parse_line(string) → new_array or nil click to toggle source
parse_line(io) → new_array or nil
parse_line(string, **options) → new_array or nil
parse_line(io, **options) → new_array or nil
parse_line(string, headers: true, **options) → csv_row or nil
parse_line(io, headers: true, **options) → csv_row or nil

Returns the data created by parsing the first line of string or io using the specified options.

  • Argument string should be a String object; it will be put into a new StringIO object positioned at the beginning.

  • Argument io should be an IO object that is:

    • Open for reading; on return, the IO object will be closed.

    • Positioned at the beginning. To position at the end, for appending, use method CSV.generate. For any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.

  • Argument options: see Options for Parsing

Without Option headers ↑

Without option headers, returns the first row as a new Array.

These examples assume prior execution of:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)

Parse the first line from a String object:

CSV.parse_line(string) # => ["foo", "0"]

Parse the first line from a File object:

File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.parse_line(file) # => ["foo", "0"]
end # => ["foo", "0"]

Returns nil if the argument is an empty String:

CSV.parse_line('') # => nil
With Option headers ↑

With {option headers}, returns the first row as a CSV::Row object.

These examples assume prior execution of:

string = "Name,Count\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)

Parse the first line from a String object:

CSV.parse_line(string, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">

Parse the first line from a File object:

File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.parse_line(file, headers: true)
end # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Count":"0">

Raises an exception if the argument is nil:

# Raises ArgumentError (Cannot parse nil as CSV):
CSV.parse_line(nil)

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1805
def parse_line(line, **options)
  new(line, **options).each.first
end
read(source, **options) → array_of_arrays click to toggle source
read(source, headers: true, **options) → csv_table

Opens the given source with the given options (see CSV.open), reads the source (see CSV#read), and returns the result, which will be either an Array of Arrays or a CSV::Table.

Without headers:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
CSV.read(path) # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

With headers:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
CSV.read(path, headers: true) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1829
def read(path, **options)
  open(path, **options) { |csv| csv.read }
end
readlines(source, **options) click to toggle source

Alias for CSV.read.

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1837
def readlines(path, **options)
  read(path, **options)
end
table(source, **options) click to toggle source

Calls CSV.read with source, options, and certain default options:

  • headers: true

  • converters: :numeric

  • header_converters: :symbol

Returns a CSV::Table object.

Example:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
CSV.table(path) # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>

# File lib/csv.rb, line 1856
def table(path, **options)
  default_options = {
    headers:           true,
    converters:        :numeric,
    header_converters: :symbol,
  }
  options = default_options.merge(options)
  read(path, **options)
end

Public Instance Methods

csv << row → self click to toggle source

Appends a row to self.

  • Argument row must be an Array object or a CSV::Row object.

  • The output stream must be open for writing.

Append Arrays:

CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << ['foo', 0]
  csv << ['bar', 1]
  csv << ['baz', 2]
end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Append CSV::Rows:

headers = []
CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['foo', 0])
  csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['bar', 1])
  csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['baz', 2])
end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Headers in CSV::Row objects are not appended:

headers = ['Name', 'Count']
CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['foo', 0])
  csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['bar', 1])
  csv << CSV::Row.new(headers, ['baz', 2])
end # => "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"

Raises an exception if row is not an Array or CSV::Row:

CSV.generate do |csv|
  # Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `collect' for :foo:Symbol)
  csv << :foo
end

Raises an exception if the output stream is not opened for writing:

path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, '')
File.open(path) do |file|
  CSV.open(file) do |csv|
    # Raises IOError (not opened for writing)
    csv << ['foo', 0]
  end
end

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2372
def <<(row)
  writer << row
  self
end
Also aliased as: add_row, puts
add_row
Alias for: <<
binmode?() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2261
def binmode?
  if @io.respond_to?(:binmode?)
    @io.binmode?
  else
    false
  end
end
col_sep → string click to toggle source

Returns the encoded column separator; used for parsing and writing; see {Option col_sep}:

CSV.new('').col_sep # => ","

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2009
def col_sep
  parser.column_separator
end
convert(converter_name) → array_of_procs click to toggle source
convert {|field, field_info| ... } → array_of_procs

  • With no block, installs a field converter (a Proc).

  • With a block, defines and installs a custom field converter.

  • Returns the Array of installed field converters.

  • Argument converter_name, if given, should be the name of an existing field converter.

See Field Converters.

With no block, installs a field converter:

csv = CSV.new('')
csv.convert(:integer)
csv.convert(:float)
csv.convert(:date)
csv.converters # => [:integer, :float, :date]

The block, if given, is called for each field:

  • Argument field is the field value.

  • Argument field_info is a CSV::FieldInfo object containing details about the field.

The examples here assume the prior execution of:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)

Example giving a block:

csv = CSV.open(path)
csv.convert {|field, field_info| p [field, field_info]; field.upcase }
csv.read # => [["FOO", "0"], ["BAR", "1"], ["BAZ", "2"]]

Output:

["foo", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=1, header=nil>]
["0", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=1, header=nil>]
["bar", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=2, header=nil>]
["1", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=2, header=nil>]
["baz", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=0, line=3, header=nil>]
["2", #<struct CSV::FieldInfo index=1, line=3, header=nil>]

The block need not return a String object:

csv = CSV.open(path)
csv.convert {|field, field_info| field.to_sym }
csv.read # => [[:foo, :"0"], [:bar, :"1"], [:baz, :"2"]]

If converter_name is given, the block is not called:

csv = CSV.open(path)
csv.convert(:integer) {|field, field_info| fail 'Cannot happen' }
csv.read # => [["foo", 0], ["bar", 1], ["baz", 2]]

Raises a parse-time exception if converter_name is not the name of a built-in field converter:

csv = CSV.open(path)
csv.convert(:nosuch) => [nil]
# Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
csv.read

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2443
def convert(name = nil, &converter)
  parser_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
end
converters → array click to toggle source

Returns an Array containing field converters; see Field Converters:

csv = CSV.new('')
csv.converters # => []
csv.convert(:integer)
csv.converters # => [:integer]
csv.convert(proc {|x| x.to_s })
csv.converters

Notes that you need to call +Ractor.make_shareable(CSV::Converters)+ on the main Ractor to use this method.

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2082
def converters
  parser_fields_converter.map do |converter|
    name = Converters.rassoc(converter)
    name ? name.first : converter
  end
end
each → enumerator click to toggle source
each {|row| ...}

Calls the block with each successive row. The data source must be opened for reading.

Without headers:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string)
csv.each do |row|
  p row
end

Output:

["foo", "0"]
["bar", "1"]
["baz", "2"]

With headers:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
csv.each do |row|
  p row
end

Output:

<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">

Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string)
csv.close
# Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
csv.each do |row|
  p row
end

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2554
def each(&block)
  return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
  begin
    while true
      yield(parser_enumerator.next)
    end
  rescue StopIteration
  end
end
eof()
Alias for: eof?
eof?() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2297
def eof?
  return false if @eof_error
  begin
    parser_enumerator.peek
    false
  rescue MalformedCSVError => error
    @eof_error = error
    false
  rescue StopIteration
    true
  end
end
Also aliased as: eof
field_size_limit → integer or nil click to toggle source

Returns the limit for field size; used for parsing; see {Option field_size_limit}:

CSV.new('').field_size_limit # => nil

Deprecated since 3.2.3. Use max_field_size instead.

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2041
def field_size_limit
  parser.field_size_limit
end
flock(*args) click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2269
def flock(*args)
  raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:flock)
  @io.flock(*args)
end
force_quotes? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether all output fields are to be quoted; used for generating; see {Option force_quotes}:

CSV.new('').force_quotes? # => false

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2172
def force_quotes?
  @writer_options[:force_quotes]
end
gets
Alias for: shift
header_convert(name = nil, &converter) click to toggle source

The block need not return a String object:

csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
csv.header_convert {|header, field_info| header.to_sym }
table = csv.read
table.headers # => [:Name, :Value]

If converter_name is given, the block is not called:

csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
csv.header_convert(:downcase) {|header, field_info| fail 'Cannot happen' }
table = csv.read
table.headers # => ["name", "value"]

Raises a parse-time exception if converter_name is not the name of a built-in field converter:

csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
csv.header_convert(:nosuch)
# Raises NoMethodError (undefined method `arity' for nil:NilClass)
csv.read

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2509
def header_convert(name = nil, &converter)
  header_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
end
header_converters → array click to toggle source

Returns an Array containing header converters; used for parsing; see Header Converters:

CSV.new('').header_converters # => []

Notes that you need to call +Ractor.make_shareable(CSV::HeaderConverters)+ on the main Ractor to use this method.

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2148
def header_converters
  header_fields_converter.map do |converter|
    name = HeaderConverters.rassoc(converter)
    name ? name.first : converter
  end
end
header_row? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns true if the next row to be read is a header row; false otherwise.

Without headers:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string)
csv.header_row? # => false

With headers:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
csv.header_row? # => true
csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
csv.header_row? # => false

Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string)
csv.close
# Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
csv.header_row?

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2631
def header_row?
  parser.header_row?
end
headers → object click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether headers are used; used for parsing; see {Option headers}:

CSV.new('').headers # => nil

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2106
def headers
  if @writer
    @writer.headers
  else
    parsed_headers = parser.headers
    return parsed_headers if parsed_headers
    raw_headers = @parser_options[:headers]
    raw_headers = nil if raw_headers == false
    raw_headers
  end
end
inspect → string click to toggle source

Returns a String showing certain properties of self:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
s = csv.inspect
s # => "#<CSV io_type:StringIO encoding:UTF-8 lineno:0 col_sep:\",\" row_sep:\"\\n\" quote_char:\"\\\"\" headers:true>"

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2690
def inspect
  str = ["#<", self.class.to_s, " io_type:"]
  # show type of wrapped IO
  if    @io == $stdout then str << "$stdout"
  elsif @io == $stdin  then str << "$stdin"
  elsif @io == $stderr then str << "$stderr"
  else                      str << @io.class.to_s
  end
  # show IO.path(), if available
  if @io.respond_to?(:path) and (p = @io.path)
    str << " io_path:" << p.inspect
  end
  # show encoding
  str << " encoding:" << @encoding.name
  # show other attributes
  ["lineno", "col_sep", "row_sep", "quote_char"].each do |attr_name|
    if a = __send__(attr_name)
      str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
    end
  end
  ["skip_blanks", "liberal_parsing"].each do |attr_name|
    if a = __send__("#{attr_name}?")
      str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
    end
  end
  _headers = headers
  str << " headers:" << _headers.inspect if _headers
  str << ">"
  begin
    str.join('')
  rescue  # any encoding error
    str.map do |s|
      e = Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(s.encoding)
      e ? s.encode(e) : s.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
    end.join('')
  end
end
ioctl(*args) click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2274
def ioctl(*args)
  raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:ioctl)
  @io.ioctl(*args)
end
liberal_parsing? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether illegal input is to be handled; used for parsing; see {Option liberal_parsing}:

CSV.new('').liberal_parsing? # => false

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2182
def liberal_parsing?
  parser.liberal_parsing?
end
line → array click to toggle source

Returns the line most recently read:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
CSV.open(path) do |csv|
  csv.each do |row|
    p [csv.lineno, csv.line]
  end
end

Output:

[1, "foo,0\n"]
[2, "bar,1\n"]
[3, "baz,2\n"]

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2247
def line
  parser.line
end
line_no → integer click to toggle source

Returns the count of the rows parsed or generated.

Parsing:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
CSV.open(path) do |csv|
  csv.each do |row|
    p [csv.lineno, row]
  end
end

Output:

[1, ["foo", "0"]]
[2, ["bar", "1"]]
[3, ["baz", "2"]]

Generating:

CSV.generate do |csv|
  p csv.lineno; csv << ['foo', 0]
  p csv.lineno; csv << ['bar', 1]
  p csv.lineno; csv << ['baz', 2]
end

Output:

0
1
2

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2223
def lineno
  if @writer
    @writer.lineno
  else
    parser.lineno
  end
end
max_field_size → integer or nil click to toggle source

Returns the limit for field size; used for parsing; see {Option max_field_size}:

CSV.new('').max_field_size # => nil

Since 3.2.3.

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2053
def max_field_size
  parser.max_field_size
end
path() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2279
def path
  @io.path if @io.respond_to?(:path)
end
puts
Alias for: <<
quote_char → character click to toggle source

Returns the encoded quote character; used for parsing and writing; see {Option quote_char}:

CSV.new('').quote_char # => "\""

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2029
def quote_char
  parser.quote_character
end
read → array or csv_table click to toggle source

Forms the remaining rows from self into:

  • A CSV::Table object, if headers are in use.

  • An Array of Arrays, otherwise.

The data source must be opened for reading.

Without headers:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
csv = CSV.open(path)
csv.read # => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", "2"]]

With headers:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
csv = CSV.open(path, headers: true)
csv.read # => #<CSV::Table mode:col_or_row row_count:4>

Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string)
csv.close
# Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
csv.read

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2595
def read
  rows = to_a
  if parser.use_headers?
    Table.new(rows, headers: parser.headers)
  else
    rows
  end
end
Also aliased as: readlines
readline
Alias for: shift
readlines
Alias for: read
return_headers? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether headers are to be returned; used for parsing; see {Option return_headers}:

CSV.new('').return_headers? # => false

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2124
def return_headers?
  parser.return_headers?
end
rewind() click to toggle source

Rewinds the underlying IO object and resets CSV’s lineno() counter.

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2312
def rewind
  @parser = nil
  @parser_enumerator = nil
  @eof_error = nil
  @writer.rewind if @writer
  @io.rewind
end
row_sep → string click to toggle source

Returns the encoded row separator; used for parsing and writing; see {Option row_sep}:

CSV.new('').row_sep # => "\n"

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2019
def row_sep
  parser.row_separator
end
shift → array, csv_row, or nil click to toggle source

Returns the next row of data as:

  • An Array if no headers are used.

  • A CSV::Row object if headers are used.

The data source must be opened for reading.

Without headers:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string)
csv.shift # => ["foo", "0"]
csv.shift # => ["bar", "1"]
csv.shift # => ["baz", "2"]
csv.shift # => nil

With headers:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
csv.shift # => #<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">
csv.shift # => nil

Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string)
csv.close
# Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
csv.shift

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2668
def shift
  if @eof_error
    eof_error, @eof_error = @eof_error, nil
    raise eof_error
  end
  begin
    parser_enumerator.next
  rescue StopIteration
    nil
  end
end
Also aliased as: gets, readline
skip_blanks? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether blank lines are to be ignored; used for parsing; see {Option skip_blanks}:

CSV.new('').skip_blanks? # => false

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2161
def skip_blanks?
  parser.skip_blanks?
end
skip_lines → regexp or nil click to toggle source

Returns the Regexp used to identify comment lines; used for parsing; see {Option skip_lines}:

CSV.new('').skip_lines # => nil

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2063
def skip_lines
  parser.skip_lines
end
stat(*args) click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2283
def stat(*args)
  raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:stat)
  @io.stat(*args)
end
to_i() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2288
def to_i
  raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:to_i)
  @io.to_i
end
to_io() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2293
def to_io
  @io.respond_to?(:to_io) ? @io.to_io : @io
end
unconverted_fields? → object click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether unconverted fields are to be available; used for parsing; see {Option unconverted_fields}:

CSV.new('').unconverted_fields? # => nil

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2096
def unconverted_fields?
  parser.unconverted_fields?
end
write_headers? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns the value that determines whether headers are to be written; used for generating; see {Option write_headers}:

CSV.new('').write_headers? # => nil

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2134
def write_headers?
  @writer_options[:write_headers]
end

Private Instance Methods

build_fields_converter(initial_converters, options) click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2822
def build_fields_converter(initial_converters, options)
  fields_converter = FieldsConverter.new(options)
  normalize_converters(initial_converters).each do |name, converter|
    fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
  end
  fields_converter
end
build_header_fields_converter() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2804
def build_header_fields_converter
  specific_options = {
    builtin_converters_name: :HeaderConverters,
    accept_nil: true,
  }
  options = @base_fields_converter_options.merge(specific_options)
  build_fields_converter(@initial_header_converters, options)
end
build_parser_fields_converter() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2792
def build_parser_fields_converter
  specific_options = {
    builtin_converters_name: :Converters,
  }
  options = @base_fields_converter_options.merge(specific_options)
  build_fields_converter(@initial_converters, options)
end
build_writer_fields_converter() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2817
def build_writer_fields_converter
  build_fields_converter(@initial_write_converters,
                         @write_fields_converter_options)
end
convert_fields(fields, headers = false) click to toggle source

Processes fields with @converters, or @header_converters if headers is passed as true, returning the converted field set. Any converter that changes the field into something other than a String halts the pipeline of conversion for that field. This is primarily an efficiency shortcut.

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2767
def convert_fields(fields, headers = false)
  if headers
    header_fields_converter.convert(fields, nil, 0)
  else
    parser_fields_converter.convert(fields, @headers, lineno)
  end
end
determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding) click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2730
def determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding)
  # honor the IO encoding if we can, otherwise default to ASCII-8BIT
  io_encoding = raw_encoding
  return io_encoding if io_encoding

  return Encoding.find(internal_encoding) if internal_encoding

  if encoding
    encoding, = encoding.split(":", 2) if encoding.is_a?(String)
    return Encoding.find(encoding)
  end

  Encoding.default_internal || Encoding.default_external
end
header_fields_converter() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2800
def header_fields_converter
  @header_fields_converter ||= build_header_fields_converter
end
normalize_converters(converters) click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2745
def normalize_converters(converters)
  converters ||= []
  unless converters.is_a?(Array)
    converters = [converters]
  end
  converters.collect do |converter|
    case converter
    when Proc # custom code block
      [nil, converter]
    else # by name
      [converter, nil]
    end
  end
end
parser() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2830
def parser
  @parser ||= Parser.new(@io, parser_options)
end
parser_enumerator() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2839
def parser_enumerator
  @parser_enumerator ||= parser.parse
end
parser_fields_converter() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2788
def parser_fields_converter
  @parser_fields_converter ||= build_parser_fields_converter
end
parser_options() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2834
def parser_options
  @parser_options.merge(header_fields_converter: header_fields_converter,
                        fields_converter: parser_fields_converter)
end
raw_encoding() click to toggle source

Returns the encoding of the internal IO object.

# File lib/csv.rb, line 2778
def raw_encoding
  if @io.respond_to? :internal_encoding
    @io.internal_encoding || @io.external_encoding
  elsif @io.respond_to? :encoding
    @io.encoding
  else
    nil
  end
end
writer() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2843
def writer
  @writer ||= Writer.new(@io, writer_options)
end
writer_fields_converter() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2813
def writer_fields_converter
  @writer_fields_converter ||= build_writer_fields_converter
end
writer_options() click to toggle source 
# File lib/csv.rb, line 2847
def writer_options
  @writer_options.merge(header_fields_converter: header_fields_converter,
                        fields_converter: writer_fields_converter)
end