class Net::HTTP
An HTTP
client API for Ruby.¶ ↑
Net::HTTP
provides a rich library which can be used to build HTTP
user-agents. For more details about HTTP
see [RFC2616](www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt).
Net::HTTP
is designed to work closely with URI
. URI::HTTP#host
, URI::HTTP#port
and URI::HTTP#request_uri
are designed to work with Net::HTTP
.
If you are only performing a few GET requests you should try OpenURI
.
Simple Examples¶ ↑
All examples assume you have loaded Net::HTTP
with:
require 'net/http'
This will also require 'uri' so you don't need to require it separately.
The Net::HTTP
methods in the following section do not persist connections. They are not recommended if you are performing many HTTP
requests.
GET¶ ↑
Net::HTTP.get('example.com', '/index.html') # => String
GET by URI
¶ ↑
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?count=10') Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String
GET with Dynamic Parameters¶ ↑
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html') params = { :limit => 10, :page => 3 } uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params) res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri) puts res.body if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
POST¶ ↑
uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi') res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => 'ruby', 'max' => '50') puts res.body
POST with Multiple Values¶ ↑
uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi') res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => ['ruby', 'perl'], 'max' => '50') puts res.body
How to use Net::HTTP
¶ ↑
The following example code can be used as the basis of an HTTP
user-agent which can perform a variety of request types using persistent connections.
uri = URI('http://example.com/some_path?query=string') Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http| request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object end
Net::HTTP::start
immediately creates a connection to an HTTP
server which is kept open for the duration of the block. The connection will remain open for multiple requests in the block if the server indicates it supports persistent connections.
If you wish to re-use a connection across multiple HTTP
requests without automatically closing it you can use ::new
and then call start
and finish
manually.
The request types Net::HTTP
supports are listed below in the section “HTTP Request Classes”.
For all the Net::HTTP
request objects and shortcut request methods you may supply either a String
for the request path or a URI
from which Net::HTTP
will extract the request path.
Response Data
¶ ↑
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html') res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri) # Headers res['Set-Cookie'] # => String res.get_fields('set-cookie') # => Array res.to_hash['set-cookie'] # => Array puts "Headers: #{res.to_hash.inspect}" # Status puts res.code # => '200' puts res.message # => 'OK' puts res.class.name # => 'HTTPOK' # Body puts res.body if res.response_body_permitted?
Following Redirection¶ ↑
Each Net::HTTPResponse
object belongs to a class for its response code.
For example, all 2XX responses are instances of a Net::HTTPSuccess
subclass, a 3XX response is an instance of a Net::HTTPRedirection
subclass and a 200 response is an instance of the Net::HTTPOK
class. For details of response classes, see the section “HTTP Response Classes” below.
Using a case statement you can handle various types of responses properly:
def fetch(uri_str, limit = 10) # You should choose a better exception. raise ArgumentError, 'too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0 response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri_str)) case response when Net::HTTPSuccess then response when Net::HTTPRedirection then location = response['location'] warn "redirected to #{location}" fetch(location, limit - 1) else response.value end end print fetch('http://www.ruby-lang.org')
POST¶ ↑
A POST can be made using the Net::HTTP::Post
request class. This example creates a URL encoded POST body:
uri = URI('http://www.example.com/todo.cgi') req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri) req.set_form_data('from' => '2005-01-01', 'to' => '2005-03-31') res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) do |http| http.request(req) end case res when Net::HTTPSuccess, Net::HTTPRedirection # OK else res.value end
To send multipart/form-data use Net::HTTPHeader#set_form
:
req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri) req.set_form([['upload', File.open('foo.bar')]], 'multipart/form-data')
Other requests that can contain a body such as PUT can be created in the same way using the corresponding request class (Net::HTTP::Put
).
Setting Headers¶ ↑
The following example performs a conditional GET using the If-Modified-Since header. If the files has not been modified since the time in the header a Not Modified response will be returned. See RFC 2616 section 9.3 for further details.
uri = URI('http://example.com/cached_response') file = File.stat 'cached_response' req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req['If-Modified-Since'] = file.mtime.rfc2822 res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http| http.request(req) } open 'cached_response', 'w' do |io| io.write res.body end if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
Basic Authentication¶ ↑
Basic authentication is performed according to [RFC2617](www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt).
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?key=value') req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req.basic_auth 'user', 'pass' res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http| http.request(req) } puts res.body
Streaming Response Bodies¶ ↑
By default Net::HTTP
reads an entire response into memory. If you are handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead stream the body directly to an IO
.
uri = URI('http://example.com/large_file') Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http| request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri http.request request do |response| open 'large_file', 'w' do |io| response.read_body do |chunk| io.write chunk end end end end
HTTPS¶ ↑
HTTPS is enabled for an HTTP
connection by Net::HTTP#use_ssl=
.
uri = URI('https://secure.example.com/some_path?query=string') Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, :use_ssl => true) do |http| request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object end
Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in an URI
object that has an HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP
automatically turns on TLS verification if the URI
object has a 'https' URI
scheme.
uri = URI('https://example.com/') Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String
In previous versions of Ruby you would need to require 'net/https' to use HTTPS. This is no longer true.
Proxies¶ ↑
Net::HTTP
will automatically create a proxy from the http_proxy
environment variable if it is present. To disable use of http_proxy
, pass nil
for the proxy address.
You may also create a custom proxy:
proxy_addr = 'your.proxy.host' proxy_port = 8080 Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, proxy_addr, proxy_port).start { |http| # always proxy via your.proxy.addr:8080 }
See Net::HTTP.new
for further details and examples such as proxies that require a username and password.
Compression¶ ↑
Net::HTTP
automatically adds Accept-Encoding for compression of response bodies and automatically decompresses gzip and deflate responses unless a Range
header was sent.
Compression can be disabled through the Accept-Encoding: identity header.
HTTP
Request Classes¶ ↑
Here is the HTTP
request class hierarchy.
HTTP
Response Classes¶ ↑
Here is HTTP
response class hierarchy. All classes are defined in Net
module and are subclasses of Net::HTTPResponse
.
HTTPUnknownResponse
-
For unhandled
HTTP
extensions HTTPInformation
-
1xx
HTTPContinue
-
100
HTTPSwitchProtocol
-
101
HTTPSuccess
-
2xx
HTTPOK
-
200
HTTPCreated
-
201
HTTPAccepted
-
202
HTTPNonAuthoritativeInformation
-
203
HTTPNoContent
-
204
HTTPResetContent
-
205
HTTPPartialContent
-
206
HTTPMultiStatus
-
207
HTTPIMUsed
-
226
HTTPRedirection
-
3xx
HTTPMultipleChoices
-
300
HTTPMovedPermanently
-
301
HTTPFound
-
302
HTTPSeeOther
-
303
HTTPNotModified
-
304
HTTPUseProxy
-
305
HTTPTemporaryRedirect
-
307
HTTPClientError
-
4xx
HTTPBadRequest
-
400
HTTPUnauthorized
-
401
HTTPPaymentRequired
-
402
HTTPForbidden
-
403
HTTPNotFound
-
404
HTTPMethodNotAllowed
-
405
HTTPNotAcceptable
-
406
HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired
-
407
HTTPRequestTimeOut
-
408
HTTPConflict
-
409
HTTPGone
-
410
HTTPLengthRequired
-
411
HTTPPreconditionFailed
-
412
HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge
-
413
HTTPRequestURITooLong
-
414
HTTPUnsupportedMediaType
-
415
HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable
-
416
HTTPExpectationFailed
-
417
HTTPUnprocessableEntity
-
422
HTTPLocked
-
423
HTTPFailedDependency
-
424
HTTPUpgradeRequired
-
426
HTTPPreconditionRequired
-
428
HTTPTooManyRequests
-
429
HTTPRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge
-
431
HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons
-
451
HTTPServerError
-
5xx
HTTPInternalServerError
-
500
HTTPNotImplemented
-
501
HTTPBadGateway
-
502
HTTPServiceUnavailable
-
503
HTTPGatewayTimeOut
-
504
HTTPVersionNotSupported
-
505
HTTPInsufficientStorage
-
507
HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired
-
511
There is also the Net::HTTPBadResponse exception which is raised when there is a protocol error.
Constants
- ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE
- SSL_ATTRIBUTES
- SSL_IVNAMES
- STATUS_CODES
Attributes
Address of proxy host. If Net::HTTP
does not use a proxy, nil.
User password for accessing proxy. If Net::HTTP
does not use a proxy, nil.
Port number of proxy host. If Net::HTTP
does not use a proxy, nil.
User name for accessing proxy. If Net::HTTP
does not use a proxy, nil.
The DNS host name or IP address to connect to.
Sets path of a CA certification file in PEM format.
The file can contain several CA certificates.
Sets path of a CA certification directory containing certifications in PEM format.
Sets an OpenSSL::X509::Certificate
object as client certificate. (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL
extension).
Sets the X509::Store to verify peer certificate.
Sets the available ciphers. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=
Seconds to wait for 100 Continue response. If the HTTP
object does not receive a response in this many seconds it sends the request body. The default value is nil
.
Sets an OpenSSL::PKey::RSA
or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA
object. (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL
extension.)
The local host used to establish the connection.
The local port used to establish the connection.
Sets the maximum SSL version. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#max_version=
Sets the minimum SSL version. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version=
Number of seconds to wait for the connection to open. Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP
object cannot open a connection in this many seconds, it raises a Net::OpenTimeout
exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
The port number to connect to.
Number of seconds to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP
object cannot read data in this many seconds, it raises a Net::ReadTimeout
exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
Sets the SSL timeout seconds.
Sets the SSL version. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=
Sets the verify callback for the server certification verification.
Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
Sets the flags for server the certification verification at beginning of SSL/TLS session.
OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.
Number of seconds to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2) call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP
object cannot write data in this many seconds, it raises a Net::WriteTimeout
exception. The default value is 60 seconds. Net::WriteTimeout
is not raised on Windows.
Public Class Methods
Creates an HTTP
proxy class which behaves like Net::HTTP
, but performs all access via the specified proxy.
This class is obsolete. You may pass these same parameters directly to Net::HTTP.new
. See Net::HTTP.new
for details of the arguments.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1066 def HTTP.Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil) return self unless p_addr Class.new(self) { @is_proxy_class = true if p_addr == :ENV then @proxy_from_env = true @proxy_address = nil @proxy_port = nil else @proxy_from_env = false @proxy_address = p_addr @proxy_port = p_port || default_port end @proxy_user = p_user @proxy_pass = p_pass } end
The default port to use for HTTP
requests; defaults to 80.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 539 def HTTP.default_port http_default_port() end
Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP
response as a string. The target can either be specified as (uri
), or as (host
, path
, port
= 80); so:
print Net::HTTP.get(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
or:
print Net::HTTP.get('www.example.com', '/index.html')
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 457 def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil) get_response(uri_or_host, path, port).body end
Gets the body text from the target and outputs it to $stdout. The target can either be specified as (uri
), or as (host
, path
, port
= 80); so:
Net::HTTP.get_print URI('http://www.example.com/index.html')
or:
Net::HTTP.get_print 'www.example.com', '/index.html'
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 438 def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil) get_response(uri_or_host, path, port) {|res| res.read_body do |chunk| $stdout.print chunk end } nil end
Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP
response as a Net::HTTPResponse
object. The target can either be specified as (uri
), or as (host
, path
, port
= 80); so:
res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html')) print res.body
or:
res = Net::HTTP.get_response('www.example.com', '/index.html') print res.body
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 473 def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil, &block) if path host = uri_or_host new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http| return http.request_get(path, &block) } else uri = uri_or_host start(uri.hostname, uri.port, :use_ssl => uri.scheme == 'https') {|http| return http.request_get(uri, &block) } end end
The default port to use for HTTP
requests; defaults to 80.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 544 def HTTP.http_default_port 80 end
The default port to use for HTTPS requests; defaults to 443.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 549 def HTTP.https_default_port 443 end
Creates a new Net::HTTP
object without opening a TCP connection or HTTP
session.
The address
should be a DNS hostname or IP address, the port
is the port the server operates on. If no port
is given the default port for HTTP
or HTTPS is used.
If none of the p_
arguments are given, the proxy host and port are taken from the http_proxy
environment variable (or its uppercase equivalent) if present. If the proxy requires authentication you must supply it by hand. See URI::Generic#find_proxy
for details of proxy detection from the environment. To disable proxy detection set p_addr
to nil.
If you are connecting to a custom proxy, p_addr
specifies the DNS name or IP address of the proxy host, p_port
the port to use to access the proxy, p_user
and p_pass
the username and password if authorization is required to use the proxy, and p_no_proxy hosts which do not use the proxy.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 633 def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil) http = super address, port if proxy_class? then # from Net::HTTP::Proxy() http.proxy_from_env = @proxy_from_env http.proxy_address = @proxy_address http.proxy_port = @proxy_port http.proxy_user = @proxy_user http.proxy_pass = @proxy_pass elsif p_addr == :ENV then http.proxy_from_env = true else if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(p_addr, p_addr, p_port, p_no_proxy) p_addr = nil p_port = nil end http.proxy_address = p_addr http.proxy_port = p_port || default_port http.proxy_user = p_user http.proxy_pass = p_pass end http end
Creates a new Net::HTTP
object for the specified server address, without opening the TCP connection or initializing the HTTP
session. The address
should be a DNS hostname or IP address.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 661 def initialize(address, port = nil) @address = address @port = (port || HTTP.default_port) @ipaddr = nil @local_host = nil @local_port = nil @curr_http_version = HTTPVersion @keep_alive_timeout = 2 @last_communicated = nil @close_on_empty_response = false @socket = nil @started = false @open_timeout = 60 @read_timeout = 60 @write_timeout = 60 @continue_timeout = nil @max_retries = 1 @debug_output = nil @proxy_from_env = false @proxy_uri = nil @proxy_address = nil @proxy_port = nil @proxy_user = nil @proxy_pass = nil @use_ssl = false @ssl_context = nil @ssl_session = nil @sspi_enabled = false SSL_IVNAMES.each do |ivname| instance_variable_set ivname, nil end end
Posts data to the specified URI
object.
Example:
require 'net/http' require 'uri' Net::HTTP.post URI('http://www.example.com/api/search'), { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }.to_json, "Content-Type" => "application/json"
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 499 def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil) start(url.hostname, url.port, :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http| http.post(url, data, header) } end
Posts HTML form data to the specified URI
object. The form data must be provided as a Hash
mapping from String
to String
. Example:
{ "cmd" => "search", "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
This method also does Basic Authentication iff url
.user exists. But userinfo for authentication is deprecated (RFC3986). So this feature will be removed.
Example:
require 'net/http' require 'uri' Net::HTTP.post_form URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi'), { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 524 def HTTP.post_form(url, params) req = Post.new(url) req.form_data = params req.basic_auth url.user, url.password if url.user start(url.hostname, url.port, :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http| http.request(req) } end
returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1089 def proxy_class? defined?(@is_proxy_class) ? @is_proxy_class : false end
Creates a new Net::HTTP
object, then additionally opens the TCP connection and HTTP
session.
Arguments are the following:
- address
-
hostname or IP address of the server
- port
-
port of the server
- p_addr
-
address of proxy
- p_port
-
port of proxy
- p_user
-
user of proxy
- p_pass
-
pass of proxy
- opt
-
optional hash
opt sets following values by its accessor. The keys are ipaddr, ca_file
, ca_path
, cert, cert_store
, ciphers, close_on_empty_response
, key, open_timeout
, read_timeout
, write_timeout
, ssl_timeout
, ssl_version
, use_ssl, verify_callback
, verify_depth
and verify_mode. If you set :use_ssl as true, you can use https and default value of verify_mode
is set as OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER.
If the optional block is given, the newly created Net::HTTP
object is passed to it and closed when the block finishes. In this case, the return value of this method is the return value of the block. If no block is given, the return value of this method is the newly created Net::HTTP
object itself, and the caller is responsible for closing it upon completion using the finish() method.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 587 def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: +http+ arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1]) port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg p_addr = :ENV if arg.size < 2 port = https_default_port if !port && opt && opt[:use_ssl] http = new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass) http.ipaddr = opt[:ipaddr] if opt && opt[:ipaddr] if opt if opt[:use_ssl] opt = {verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER}.update(opt) end http.methods.grep(/\A(\w+)=\z/) do |meth| key = $1.to_sym opt.key?(key) or next http.__send__(meth, opt[key]) end end http.start(&block) end
Turns on net/http 1.2 (Ruby 1.8) features. Defaults to ON in Ruby 1.8 or later.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 404 def HTTP.version_1_2 true end
Returns true if net/http is in version 1.2 mode. Defaults to true.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 410 def HTTP.version_1_2? true end
Public Instance Methods
Setter for the continue_timeout
attribute.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 796 def continue_timeout=(sec) @socket.continue_timeout = sec if @socket @continue_timeout = sec end
Sends a COPY request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1351 def copy(path, initheader = nil) request(Copy.new(path, initheader)) end
Sends a DELETE request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1339 def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'}) request(Delete.new(path, initheader)) end
Retrieves data from path
on the connected-to host which may be an absolute path String
or a URI
to extract the path from.
initheader
must be a Hash
like { 'Accept' => '/', … }, and it defaults to an empty hash. If initheader
doesn't have the key 'accept-encoding', then a value of “gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3” is used, so that gzip compression is used in preference to deflate compression, which is used in preference to no compression. Ruby doesn't have libraries to support the compress (Lempel-Ziv) compression, so that is not supported. The intent of this is to reduce bandwidth by default. If this routine sets up compression, then it does the decompression also, removing the header as well to prevent confusion. Otherwise it leaves the body as it found it.
This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
If called with a block, yields each fragment of the entity body in turn as a string as it is read from the socket. Note that in this case, the returned response object will not contain a (meaningful) body.
dest
argument is obsolete. It still works but you must not use it.
This method never raises an exception.
response = http.get('/index.html') # using block File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f| http.get('/~foo/') do |str| f.write str end }
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1239 def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+ res = nil request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r| r.read_body dest, &block res = r } res end
Gets only the header from path
on the connected-to host. header
is a Hash
like { 'Accept' => '/', … }.
This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
This method never raises an exception.
response = nil Net::HTTP.start('some.www.server', 80) {|http| response = http.head('/index.html') } p response['content-type']
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1261 def head(path, initheader = nil) request(Head.new(path, initheader)) end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 696 def inspect "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>" end
The IP address to connect to/used to connect to
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 733 def ipaddr started? ? @socket.io.peeraddr[3] : @ipaddr end
Set
the IP address to connect to
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 738 def ipaddr=(addr) raise IOError, "ipaddr value changed, but session already started" if started? @ipaddr = addr end
Sends a LOCK request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1315 def lock(path, body, initheader = nil) request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body) end
Maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of Net::ReadTimeout
, IOError
, EOFError
, Errno::ECONNRESET
, Errno::ECONNABORTED
, Errno::EPIPE, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
, Timeout::Error
. Should be a non-negative integer number. Zero means no retries. The default value is 1.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 768 def max_retries=(retries) retries = retries.to_int if retries < 0 raise ArgumentError, 'max_retries should be non-negative integer number' end @max_retries = retries end
Sends a MKCOL request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1357 def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil) request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body) end
Sends a MOVE request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1345 def move(path, initheader = nil) request(Move.new(path, initheader)) end
Sends a OPTIONS request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1327 def options(path, initheader = nil) request(Options.new(path, initheader)) end
Sends a PATCH request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1299 def patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+ send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Patch, &block) end
Returns the X.509 certificates the server presented.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 912 def peer_cert if not use_ssl? or not @socket return nil end @socket.io.peer_cert end
Posts data
(must be a String
) to path
. header
must be a Hash
like { 'Accept' => '/', … }.
This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
If called with a block, yields each fragment of the entity body in turn as a string as it is read from the socket. Note that in this case, the returned response object will not contain a (meaningful) body.
dest
argument is obsolete. It still works but you must not use it.
This method never raises exception.
response = http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo') # using block File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f| http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo') do |str| f.write str end }
You should set Content-Type: header field for POST. If no Content-Type: field given, this method uses “application/x-www-form-urlencoded” by default.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1293 def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+ send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Post, &block) end
Sends a PROPFIND request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1333 def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'}) request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body) end
Sends a PROPPATCH request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1309 def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil) request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body) end
True if requests for this connection will be proxied
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1108 def proxy? !!(@proxy_from_env ? proxy_uri : @proxy_address) end
The address of the proxy server, if one is configured.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1127 def proxy_address if @proxy_from_env then proxy_uri&.hostname else @proxy_address end end
True if the proxy for this connection is determined from the environment
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1113 def proxy_from_env? @proxy_from_env end
The password of the proxy server, if one is configured.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1161 def proxy_pass if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env proxy_uri&.password else @proxy_pass end end
The port of the proxy server, if one is configured.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1136 def proxy_port if @proxy_from_env then proxy_uri&.port else @proxy_port end end
The username of the proxy server, if one is configured.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1152 def proxy_user if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env proxy_uri&.user else @proxy_user end end
Setter for the read_timeout
attribute.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 779 def read_timeout=(sec) @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket @read_timeout = sec end
Sends an HTTPRequest
object req
to the HTTP
server.
If req
is a Net::HTTP::Post
or Net::HTTP::Put
request containing data, the data is also sent. Providing data for a Net::HTTP::Head
or Net::HTTP::Get
request results in an ArgumentError
.
Returns an HTTPResponse
object.
When called with a block, passes an HTTPResponse
object to the block. The body of the response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body
, if desired.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1481 def request(req, body = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+ unless started? start { req['connection'] ||= 'close' return request(req, body, &block) } end if proxy_user() req.proxy_basic_auth proxy_user(), proxy_pass() unless use_ssl? end req.set_body_internal body res = transport_request(req, &block) if sspi_auth?(res) sspi_auth(req) res = transport_request(req, &block) end res end
Sends a GET request to the path
. Returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
When called with a block, passes an HTTPResponse
object to the block. The body of the response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body
, if desired.
Returns the response.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
response = http.request_get('/index.html') # The entity body is already read in this case. p response['content-type'] puts response.body # Using a block http.request_get('/index.html') {|response| p response['content-type'] response.read_body do |str| # read body now print str end }
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1392 def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+ request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block) end
Sends a HEAD request to the path
and returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
Returns the response.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
response = http.request_head('/index.html') p response['content-type']
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1406 def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block) request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block) end
Sends a POST request to the path
.
Returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
When called with a block, the block is passed an HTTPResponse
object. The body of that response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body
, if desired.
Returns the response.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
# example response = http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') p response.status puts response.body # body is already read in this case # using block http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') {|response| p response.status p response['content-type'] response.read_body do |str| # read body now print str end }
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1436 def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+ request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block end
Sends an HTTP
request to the HTTP
server. Also sends a DATA string if data
is given.
Returns a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
response = http.send_request('GET', '/index.html') puts response.body
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1460 def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil) has_response_body = name != 'HEAD' r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),has_response_body,path,header) request r, data end
WARNING This method opens a serious security hole. Never use this method in production code.
Sets an output stream for debugging.
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname) http.set_debug_output $stderr http.start { .... }
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 709 def set_debug_output(output) warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started', uplevel: 1 if started? @debug_output = output end
Opens a TCP connection and HTTP
session.
When this method is called with a block, it passes the Net::HTTP
object to the block, and closes the TCP connection and HTTP
session after the block has been executed.
When called with a block, it returns the return value of the block; otherwise, it returns self.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 928 def start # :yield: http raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started if block_given? begin do_start return yield(self) ensure do_finish end end do_start self end
Returns true if the HTTP
session has been started.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 808 def started? @started end
Sends a TRACE request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1363 def trace(path, initheader = nil) request(Trace.new(path, initheader)) end
Sends a UNLOCK request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1321 def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil) request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body) end
Turn on/off SSL. This flag must be set before starting session. If you change use_ssl value after session started, a Net::HTTP
object raises IOError
.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 825 def use_ssl=(flag) flag = flag ? true : false if started? and @use_ssl != flag raise IOError, "use_ssl value changed, but session already started" end @use_ssl = flag end
Returns true if SSL/TLS is being used with HTTP
.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 817 def use_ssl? @use_ssl end
Setter for the write_timeout
attribute.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 785 def write_timeout=(sec) @socket.write_timeout = sec if @socket @write_timeout = sec end
Private Instance Methods
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1655 def D(msg) return unless @debug_output @debug_output << msg @debug_output << "\n" end
utils
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1648 def addr_port addr = address addr = "[#{addr}]" if addr.include?(":") default_port = use_ssl? ? HTTP.https_default_port : HTTP.http_default_port default_port == port ? addr : "#{addr}:#{port}" end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1565 def begin_transport(req) if @socket.closed? connect elsif @last_communicated if @last_communicated + @keep_alive_timeout < Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) D 'Conn close because of keep_alive_timeout' @socket.close connect elsif @socket.io.to_io.wait_readable(0) && @socket.eof? D "Conn close because of EOF" @socket.close connect end end if not req.response_body_permitted? and @close_on_empty_response req['connection'] ||= 'close' end req.update_uri address, port, use_ssl? req['host'] ||= addr_port() end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 948 def connect if proxy? then conn_addr = proxy_address conn_port = proxy_port else conn_addr = conn_address conn_port = port end D "opening connection to #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..." s = Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) { begin TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port) rescue => e raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " + "#{conn_addr}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})" end } s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1) D "opened" if use_ssl? if proxy? plain_sock = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout, write_timeout: @write_timeout, continue_timeout: @continue_timeout, debug_output: @debug_output) buf = "CONNECT #{conn_address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n" buf << "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}\r\n" if proxy_user credential = ["#{proxy_user}:#{proxy_pass}"].pack('m0') buf << "Proxy-Authorization: Basic #{credential}\r\n" end buf << "\r\n" plain_sock.write(buf) HTTPResponse.read_new(plain_sock).value # assuming nothing left in buffers after successful CONNECT response end ssl_parameters = Hash.new iv_list = instance_variables SSL_IVNAMES.each_with_index do |ivname, i| if iv_list.include?(ivname) and value = instance_variable_get(ivname) ssl_parameters[SSL_ATTRIBUTES[i]] = value if value end end @ssl_context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new @ssl_context.set_params(ssl_parameters) @ssl_context.session_cache_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT | OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE @ssl_context.session_new_cb = proc {|sock, sess| @ssl_session = sess } D "starting SSL for #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..." s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context) s.sync_close = true # Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546 s.hostname = @address if s.respond_to? :hostname= if @ssl_session and Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME) < @ssl_session.time.to_f + @ssl_session.timeout s.session = @ssl_session end ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout) if @ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE s.post_connection_check(@address) end D "SSL established, protocol: #{s.ssl_version}, cipher: #{s.cipher[0]}" end @socket = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout, write_timeout: @write_timeout, continue_timeout: @continue_timeout, debug_output: @debug_output) on_connect rescue => exception if s D "Conn close because of connect error #{exception}" s.close end raise end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1040 def do_finish @started = false @socket.close if @socket @socket = nil end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 942 def do_start connect @started = true end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1184 def edit_path(path) if proxy? if path.start_with?("ftp://") || use_ssl? path else "http://#{addr_port}#{path}" end else path end end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1588 def end_transport(req, res) @curr_http_version = res.http_version @last_communicated = nil if @socket.closed? D 'Conn socket closed' elsif not res.body and @close_on_empty_response D 'Conn close' @socket.close elsif keep_alive?(req, res) D 'Conn keep-alive' @last_communicated = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) else D 'Conn close' @socket.close end end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1605 def keep_alive?(req, res) return false if req.connection_close? if @curr_http_version <= '1.0' res.connection_keep_alive? else # HTTP/1.1 or later not res.connection_close? end end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1029 def on_connect end
Executes a request which uses a representation and returns its body.
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1504 def send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block) res = nil request(type.new(path, initheader), data) {|r| r.read_body dest, &block res = r } res end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1629 def sspi_auth(req) n = Win32::SSPI::NegotiateAuth.new req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.get_initial_token}" # Some versions of ISA will close the connection if this isn't present. req["Connection"] = "Keep-Alive" req["Proxy-Connection"] = "Keep-Alive" res = transport_request(req) authphrase = res["Proxy-Authenticate"] or return res req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.complete_authentication(authphrase)}" rescue => err raise HTTPAuthenticationError.new('HTTP authentication failed', err) end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1614 def sspi_auth?(res) return false unless @sspi_enabled if res.kind_of?(HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired) and proxy? and res["Proxy-Authenticate"].include?("Negotiate") begin require 'win32/sspi' true rescue LoadError false end else false end end
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1515 def transport_request(req) count = 0 begin begin_transport req res = catch(:response) { begin req.exec @socket, @curr_http_version, edit_path(req.path) rescue Errno::EPIPE # Failure when writing full request, but we can probably # still read the received response. end begin res = HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket) res.decode_content = req.decode_content end while res.kind_of?(HTTPInformation) res.uri = req.uri res } res.reading_body(@socket, req.response_body_permitted?) { yield res if block_given? } rescue Net::OpenTimeout raise rescue Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, Errno::ETIMEDOUT, # avoid a dependency on OpenSSL defined?(OpenSSL::SSL) ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError : IOError, Timeout::Error => exception if count < max_retries && IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_.include?(req.method) count += 1 @socket.close if @socket D "Conn close because of error #{exception}, and retry" retry end D "Conn close because of error #{exception}" @socket.close if @socket raise end end_transport req, res res rescue => exception D "Conn close because of error #{exception}" @socket.close if @socket raise exception end