class Net::HTTP

An HTTP client API for Ruby.

Net::HTTP provides a rich library which can be used to build HTTP user-agents. For more details about HTTP see [RFC2616](www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt).

Net::HTTP is designed to work closely with URI. URI::HTTP#host, URI::HTTP#port and URI::HTTP#request_uri are designed to work with Net::HTTP.

If you are only performing a few GET requests you should try OpenURI.

Simple Examples

All examples assume you have loaded Net::HTTP with:

require 'net/http'

This will also require 'uri' so you don't need to require it separately.

The Net::HTTP methods in the following section do not persist connections. They are not recommended if you are performing many HTTP requests.

GET

Net::HTTP.get('example.com', '/index.html') # => String

GET by URI

uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?count=10')
Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String

GET with Dynamic Parameters

uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html')
params = { :limit => 10, :page => 3 }
uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params)

res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)
puts res.body if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)

POST

uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi')
res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => 'ruby', 'max' => '50')
puts res.body

POST with Multiple Values

uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi')
res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => ['ruby', 'perl'], 'max' => '50')
puts res.body

How to use Net::HTTP

The following example code can be used as the basis of an HTTP user-agent which can perform a variety of request types using persistent connections.

uri = URI('http://example.com/some_path?query=string')

Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http|
  request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri

  response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object
end

Net::HTTP::start immediately creates a connection to an HTTP server which is kept open for the duration of the block. The connection will remain open for multiple requests in the block if the server indicates it supports persistent connections.

If you wish to re-use a connection across multiple HTTP requests without automatically closing it you can use ::new and then call start and finish manually.

The request types Net::HTTP supports are listed below in the section “HTTP Request Classes”.

For all the Net::HTTP request objects and shortcut request methods you may supply either a String for the request path or a URI from which Net::HTTP will extract the request path.

Response Data

uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html')
res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)

# Headers
res['Set-Cookie']            # => String
res.get_fields('set-cookie') # => Array
res.to_hash['set-cookie']    # => Array
puts "Headers: #{res.to_hash.inspect}"

# Status
puts res.code       # => '200'
puts res.message    # => 'OK'
puts res.class.name # => 'HTTPOK'

# Body
puts res.body if res.response_body_permitted?

Following Redirection

Each Net::HTTPResponse object belongs to a class for its response code.

For example, all 2XX responses are instances of a Net::HTTPSuccess subclass, a 3XX response is an instance of a Net::HTTPRedirection subclass and a 200 response is an instance of the Net::HTTPOK class. For details of response classes, see the section “HTTP Response Classes” below.

Using a case statement you can handle various types of responses properly:

def fetch(uri_str, limit = 10)
  # You should choose a better exception.
  raise ArgumentError, 'too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0

  response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri_str))

  case response
  when Net::HTTPSuccess then
    response
  when Net::HTTPRedirection then
    location = response['location']
    warn "redirected to #{location}"
    fetch(location, limit - 1)
  else
    response.value
  end
end

print fetch('http://www.ruby-lang.org')

POST

A POST can be made using the Net::HTTP::Post request class. This example creates a URL encoded POST body:

uri = URI('http://www.example.com/todo.cgi')
req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
req.set_form_data('from' => '2005-01-01', 'to' => '2005-03-31')

res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) do |http|
  http.request(req)
end

case res
when Net::HTTPSuccess, Net::HTTPRedirection
  # OK
else
  res.value
end

To send multipart/form-data use Net::HTTPHeader#set_form:

req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
req.set_form([['upload', File.open('foo.bar')]], 'multipart/form-data')

Other requests that can contain a body such as PUT can be created in the same way using the corresponding request class (Net::HTTP::Put).

Setting Headers

The following example performs a conditional GET using the If-Modified-Since header. If the files has not been modified since the time in the header a Not Modified response will be returned. See RFC 2616 section 9.3 for further details.

uri = URI('http://example.com/cached_response')
file = File.stat 'cached_response'

req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
req['If-Modified-Since'] = file.mtime.rfc2822

res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http|
  http.request(req)
}

open 'cached_response', 'w' do |io|
  io.write res.body
end if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)

Basic Authentication

Basic authentication is performed according to [RFC2617](www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt).

uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?key=value')

req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
req.basic_auth 'user', 'pass'

res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http|
  http.request(req)
}
puts res.body

Streaming Response Bodies

By default Net::HTTP reads an entire response into memory. If you are handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead stream the body directly to an IO.

uri = URI('http://example.com/large_file')

Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http|
  request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri

  http.request request do |response|
    open 'large_file', 'w' do |io|
      response.read_body do |chunk|
        io.write chunk
      end
    end
  end
end

HTTPS

HTTPS is enabled for an HTTP connection by Net::HTTP#use_ssl=.

uri = URI('https://secure.example.com/some_path?query=string')

Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, :use_ssl => true) do |http|
  request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri
  response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object
end

Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in an URI object that has an HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP automatically turns on TLS verification if the URI object has a 'https' URI scheme.

uri = URI('https://example.com/')
Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String

In previous versions of Ruby you would need to require 'net/https' to use HTTPS. This is no longer true.

Proxies

Net::HTTP will automatically create a proxy from the http_proxy environment variable if it is present. To disable use of http_proxy, pass nil for the proxy address.

You may also create a custom proxy:

proxy_addr = 'your.proxy.host'
proxy_port = 8080

Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, proxy_addr, proxy_port).start { |http|
  # always proxy via your.proxy.addr:8080
}

See Net::HTTP.new for further details and examples such as proxies that require a username and password.

Compression

Net::HTTP automatically adds Accept-Encoding for compression of response bodies and automatically decompresses gzip and deflate responses unless a Range header was sent.

Compression can be disabled through the Accept-Encoding: identity header.

HTTP Request Classes

Here is the HTTP request class hierarchy.

HTTP Response Classes

Here is HTTP response class hierarchy. All classes are defined in Net module and are subclasses of Net::HTTPResponse.

HTTPUnknownResponse

For unhandled HTTP extensions

HTTPInformation

1xx

HTTPContinue

100

HTTPSwitchProtocol

101

HTTPSuccess

2xx

HTTPOK

200

HTTPCreated

201

HTTPAccepted

202

HTTPNonAuthoritativeInformation

203

HTTPNoContent

204

HTTPResetContent

205

HTTPPartialContent

206

HTTPMultiStatus

207

HTTPIMUsed

226

HTTPRedirection

3xx

HTTPMultipleChoices

300

HTTPMovedPermanently

301

HTTPFound

302

HTTPSeeOther

303

HTTPNotModified

304

HTTPUseProxy

305

HTTPTemporaryRedirect

307

HTTPClientError

4xx

HTTPBadRequest

400

HTTPUnauthorized

401

HTTPPaymentRequired

402

HTTPForbidden

403

HTTPNotFound

404

HTTPMethodNotAllowed

405

HTTPNotAcceptable

406

HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired

407

HTTPRequestTimeOut

408

HTTPConflict

409

HTTPGone

410

HTTPLengthRequired

411

HTTPPreconditionFailed

412

HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge

413

HTTPRequestURITooLong

414

HTTPUnsupportedMediaType

415

HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable

416

HTTPExpectationFailed

417

HTTPUnprocessableEntity

422

HTTPLocked

423

HTTPFailedDependency

424

HTTPUpgradeRequired

426

HTTPPreconditionRequired

428

HTTPTooManyRequests

429

HTTPRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge

431

HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons

451

HTTPServerError

5xx

HTTPInternalServerError

500

HTTPNotImplemented

501

HTTPBadGateway

502

HTTPServiceUnavailable

503

HTTPGatewayTimeOut

504

HTTPVersionNotSupported

505

HTTPInsufficientStorage

507

HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired

511

There is also the Net::HTTPBadResponse exception which is raised when there is a protocol error.

Constants

ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE
SSL_ATTRIBUTES
SSL_IVNAMES
STATUS_CODES

Attributes

proxy_address[R]

Address of proxy host. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.

proxy_pass[R]

User password for accessing proxy. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.

proxy_port[R]

Port number of proxy host. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.

proxy_user[R]

User name for accessing proxy. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.

address[R]

The DNS host name or IP address to connect to.

ca_file[RW]

Sets path of a CA certification file in PEM format.

The file can contain several CA certificates.

ca_path[RW]

Sets path of a CA certification directory containing certifications in PEM format.

cert[RW]

Sets an OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object as client certificate. (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL extension).

cert_store[RW]

Sets the X509::Store to verify peer certificate.

ciphers[RW]

Sets the available ciphers. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=

close_on_empty_response[RW]
continue_timeout[R]

Seconds to wait for 100 Continue response. If the HTTP object does not receive a response in this many seconds it sends the request body. The default value is nil.

keep_alive_timeout[RW]

Seconds to reuse the connection of the previous request. If the idle time is less than this Keep-Alive Timeout, Net::HTTP reuses the TCP/IP socket used by the previous communication. The default value is 2 seconds.

key[RW]

Sets an OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object. (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL extension.)

local_host[RW]

The local host used to establish the connection.

local_port[RW]

The local port used to establish the connection.

max_retries[R]
max_version[RW]

Sets the maximum SSL version. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#max_version=

min_version[RW]

Sets the minimum SSL version. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version=

open_timeout[RW]

Number of seconds to wait for the connection to open. Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP object cannot open a connection in this many seconds, it raises a Net::OpenTimeout exception. The default value is 60 seconds.

port[R]

The port number to connect to.

proxy_address[W]
proxy_from_env[W]
proxy_pass[W]
proxy_port[W]
proxy_user[W]
read_timeout[R]

Number of seconds to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP object cannot read data in this many seconds, it raises a Net::ReadTimeout exception. The default value is 60 seconds.

ssl_timeout[RW]

Sets the SSL timeout seconds.

ssl_version[RW]

Sets the SSL version. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=

verify_callback[RW]

Sets the verify callback for the server certification verification.

verify_depth[RW]

Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

verify_mode[RW]

Sets the flags for server the certification verification at beginning of SSL/TLS session.

OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.

write_timeout[R]

Number of seconds to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2) call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP object cannot write data in this many seconds, it raises a Net::WriteTimeout exception. The default value is 60 seconds. Net::WriteTimeout is not raised on Windows.

Public Class Methods

Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil) click to toggle source

Creates an HTTP proxy class which behaves like Net::HTTP, but performs all access via the specified proxy.

This class is obsolete. You may pass these same parameters directly to Net::HTTP.new. See Net::HTTP.new for details of the arguments.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1053
def HTTP.Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil)
  return self unless p_addr

  Class.new(self) {
    @is_proxy_class = true

    if p_addr == :ENV then
      @proxy_from_env = true
      @proxy_address = nil
      @proxy_port    = nil
    else
      @proxy_from_env = false
      @proxy_address = p_addr
      @proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
    end

    @proxy_user = p_user
    @proxy_pass = p_pass
  }
end
default_port() click to toggle source

The default port to use for HTTP requests; defaults to 80.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 539
def HTTP.default_port
  http_default_port()
end
get(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP response as a string. The target can either be specified as (uri), or as (host, path, port = 80); so:

print Net::HTTP.get(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))

or:

print Net::HTTP.get('www.example.com', '/index.html')
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 457
def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil)
  get_response(uri_or_host, path, port).body
end
get_print(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil) click to toggle source

Gets the body text from the target and outputs it to $stdout. The target can either be specified as (uri), or as (host, path, port = 80); so:

Net::HTTP.get_print URI('http://www.example.com/index.html')

or:

Net::HTTP.get_print 'www.example.com', '/index.html'
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 438
def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil)
  get_response(uri_or_host, path, port) {|res|
    res.read_body do |chunk|
      $stdout.print chunk
    end
  }
  nil
end
get_response(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil, &block) click to toggle source

Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP response as a Net::HTTPResponse object. The target can either be specified as (uri), or as (host, path, port = 80); so:

res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
print res.body

or:

res = Net::HTTP.get_response('www.example.com', '/index.html')
print res.body
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 473
def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil, &block)
  if path
    host = uri_or_host
    new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http|
      return http.request_get(path, &block)
    }
  else
    uri = uri_or_host
    start(uri.hostname, uri.port,
          :use_ssl => uri.scheme == 'https') {|http|
      return http.request_get(uri, &block)
    }
  end
end
http_default_port() click to toggle source

The default port to use for HTTP requests; defaults to 80.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 544
def HTTP.http_default_port
  80
end
https_default_port() click to toggle source

The default port to use for HTTPS requests; defaults to 443.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 549
def HTTP.https_default_port
  443
end
is_version_1_2?()
Alias for: version_1_2?
new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil) click to toggle source

Creates a new Net::HTTP object without opening a TCP connection or HTTP session.

The address should be a DNS hostname or IP address, the port is the port the server operates on. If no port is given the default port for HTTP or HTTPS is used.

If none of the p_ arguments are given, the proxy host and port are taken from the http_proxy environment variable (or its uppercase equivalent) if present. If the proxy requires authentication you must supply it by hand. See URI::Generic#find_proxy for details of proxy detection from the environment. To disable proxy detection set p_addr to nil.

If you are connecting to a custom proxy, p_addr specifies the DNS name or IP address of the proxy host, p_port the port to use to access the proxy, p_user and p_pass the username and password if authorization is required to use the proxy, and p_no_proxy hosts which do not use the proxy.

Calls superclass method
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 632
def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil)
  http = super address, port

  if proxy_class? then # from Net::HTTP::Proxy()
    http.proxy_from_env = @proxy_from_env
    http.proxy_address  = @proxy_address
    http.proxy_port     = @proxy_port
    http.proxy_user     = @proxy_user
    http.proxy_pass     = @proxy_pass
  elsif p_addr == :ENV then
    http.proxy_from_env = true
  else
    if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(p_addr, p_addr, p_port, p_no_proxy)
      p_addr = nil
      p_port = nil
    end
    http.proxy_address = p_addr
    http.proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
    http.proxy_user    = p_user
    http.proxy_pass    = p_pass
  end

  http
end
Also aliased as: newobj
new(address, port = nil) click to toggle source

Creates a new Net::HTTP object for the specified server address, without opening the TCP connection or initializing the HTTP session. The address should be a DNS hostname or IP address.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 660
def initialize(address, port = nil)
  @address = address
  @port    = (port || HTTP.default_port)
  @local_host = nil
  @local_port = nil
  @curr_http_version = HTTPVersion
  @keep_alive_timeout = 2
  @last_communicated = nil
  @close_on_empty_response = false
  @socket  = nil
  @started = false
  @open_timeout = 60
  @read_timeout = 60
  @write_timeout = 60
  @continue_timeout = nil
  @max_retries = 1
  @debug_output = nil

  @proxy_from_env = false
  @proxy_uri      = nil
  @proxy_address  = nil
  @proxy_port     = nil
  @proxy_user     = nil
  @proxy_pass     = nil

  @use_ssl = false
  @ssl_context = nil
  @ssl_session = nil
  @sspi_enabled = false
  SSL_IVNAMES.each do |ivname|
    instance_variable_set ivname, nil
  end
end
newobj(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil)
Alias for: new
post(url, data, header = nil) click to toggle source

Posts data to the specified URI object.

Example:

require 'net/http'
require 'uri'

Net::HTTP.post URI('http://www.example.com/api/search'),
               { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }.to_json,
               "Content-Type" => "application/json"
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 499
def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil)
  start(url.hostname, url.port,
        :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
    http.post(url, data, header)
  }
end
post_form(url, params) click to toggle source

Posts HTML form data to the specified URI object. The form data must be provided as a Hash mapping from String to String. Example:

{ "cmd" => "search", "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }

This method also does Basic Authentication iff url.user exists. But userinfo for authentication is deprecated (RFC3986). So this feature will be removed.

Example:

require 'net/http'
require 'uri'

Net::HTTP.post_form URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi'),
                    { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 524
def HTTP.post_form(url, params)
  req = Post.new(url)
  req.form_data = params
  req.basic_auth url.user, url.password if url.user
  start(url.hostname, url.port,
        :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
    http.request(req)
  }
end
proxy_class?() click to toggle source

returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1076
def proxy_class?
  defined?(@is_proxy_class) ? @is_proxy_class : false
end
start(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass, &block) click to toggle source
start(address, port=nil, p_addr=:ENV, p_port=nil, p_user=nil, p_pass=nil, opt, &block)

Creates a new Net::HTTP object, then additionally opens the TCP connection and HTTP session.

Arguments are the following:

address

hostname or IP address of the server

port

port of the server

p_addr

address of proxy

p_port

port of proxy

p_user

user of proxy

p_pass

pass of proxy

opt

optional hash

opt sets following values by its accessor. The keys are ca_file, ca_path, cert, cert_store, ciphers, close_on_empty_response, key, open_timeout, read_timeout, write_timeout, ssl_timeout, ssl_version, use_ssl, verify_callback, verify_depth and verify_mode. If you set :use_ssl as true, you can use https and default value of verify_mode is set as OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER.

If the optional block is given, the newly created Net::HTTP object is passed to it and closed when the block finishes. In this case, the return value of this method is the return value of the block. If no block is given, the return value of this method is the newly created Net::HTTP object itself, and the caller is responsible for closing it upon completion using the finish() method.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 587
def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: +http+
  arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1])
  port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg
  p_addr = :ENV if arg.size < 2
  port = https_default_port if !port && opt && opt[:use_ssl]
  http = new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass)

  if opt
    if opt[:use_ssl]
      opt = {verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER}.update(opt)
    end
    http.methods.grep(/\A(\w+)=\z/) do |meth|
      key = $1.to_sym
      opt.key?(key) or next
      http.__send__(meth, opt[key])
    end
  end

  http.start(&block)
end
version_1_2() click to toggle source

Turns on net/http 1.2 (Ruby 1.8) features. Defaults to ON in Ruby 1.8 or later.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 404
def HTTP.version_1_2
  true
end
version_1_2?() click to toggle source

Returns true if net/http is in version 1.2 mode. Defaults to true.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 410
def HTTP.version_1_2?
  true
end
Also aliased as: is_version_1_2?

Public Instance Methods

active?()
Alias for: started?
continue_timeout=(sec) click to toggle source

Setter for the continue_timeout attribute.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 783
def continue_timeout=(sec)
  @socket.continue_timeout = sec if @socket
  @continue_timeout = sec
end
copy(path, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a COPY request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1338
def copy(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Copy.new(path, initheader))
end
delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'}) click to toggle source

Sends a DELETE request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1326
def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})
  request(Delete.new(path, initheader))
end
finish() click to toggle source

Finishes the HTTP session and closes the TCP connection. Raises IOError if the session has not been started.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1022
def finish
  raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
  do_finish
end
get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil) { |body_segment| ... } click to toggle source

Retrieves data from path on the connected-to host which may be an absolute path String or a URI to extract the path from.

initheader must be a Hash like { 'Accept' => '/', … }, and it defaults to an empty hash. If initheader doesn't have the key 'accept-encoding', then a value of “gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3” is used, so that gzip compression is used in preference to deflate compression, which is used in preference to no compression. Ruby doesn't have libraries to support the compress (Lempel-Ziv) compression, so that is not supported. The intent of this is to reduce bandwidth by default. If this routine sets up compression, then it does the decompression also, removing the header as well to prevent confusion. Otherwise it leaves the body as it found it.

This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.

If called with a block, yields each fragment of the entity body in turn as a string as it is read from the socket. Note that in this case, the returned response object will not contain a (meaningful) body.

dest argument is obsolete. It still works but you must not use it.

This method never raises an exception.

response = http.get('/index.html')

# using block
File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f|
  http.get('/~foo/') do |str|
    f.write str
  end
}
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1226
def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
  res = nil
  request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r|
    r.read_body dest, &block
    res = r
  }
  res
end
get2(path, initheader = nil)
Alias for: request_get
head(path, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Gets only the header from path on the connected-to host. header is a Hash like { 'Accept' => '/', … }.

This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.

This method never raises an exception.

response = nil
Net::HTTP.start('some.www.server', 80) {|http|
  response = http.head('/index.html')
}
p response['content-type']
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1248
def head(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Head.new(path, initheader))
end
head2(path, initheader = nil, &block)
Alias for: request_head
inspect() click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 694
def inspect
  "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>"
end
lock(path, body, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a LOCK request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1302
def lock(path, body, initheader = nil)
  request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body)
end
max_retries=(retries) click to toggle source

Maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError, Timeout::Error. Should be a non-negative integer number. Zero means no retries. The default value is 1.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 755
def max_retries=(retries)
  retries = retries.to_int
  if retries < 0
    raise ArgumentError, 'max_retries should be non-negative integer number'
  end
  @max_retries = retries
end
mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a MKCOL request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1344
def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil)
  request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body)
end
move(path, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a MOVE request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1332
def move(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Move.new(path, initheader))
end
options(path, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a OPTIONS request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1314
def options(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Options.new(path, initheader))
end
patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil) { |body_segment| ... } click to toggle source

Sends a PATCH request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1286
def patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
  send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Patch, &block)
end
peer_cert() click to toggle source

Returns the X.509 certificates the server presented.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 899
def peer_cert
  if not use_ssl? or not @socket
    return nil
  end
  @socket.io.peer_cert
end
post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil) { |body_segment| ... } click to toggle source

Posts data (must be a String) to path. header must be a Hash like { 'Accept' => '/', … }.

This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.

If called with a block, yields each fragment of the entity body in turn as a string as it is read from the socket. Note that in this case, the returned response object will not contain a (meaningful) body.

dest argument is obsolete. It still works but you must not use it.

This method never raises exception.

response = http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo')

# using block
File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f|
  http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo') do |str|
    f.write str
  end
}

You should set Content-Type: header field for POST. If no Content-Type: field given, this method uses “application/x-www-form-urlencoded” by default.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1280
def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
  send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Post, &block)
end
post2(path, data, initheader = nil)
Alias for: request_post
propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'}) click to toggle source

Sends a PROPFIND request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1320
def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})
  request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body)
end
proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a PROPPATCH request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1296
def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil)
  request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body)
end
proxy?() click to toggle source

True if requests for this connection will be proxied

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1095
def proxy?
  !!(@proxy_from_env ? proxy_uri : @proxy_address)
end
proxy_address() click to toggle source

The address of the proxy server, if one is configured.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1114
def proxy_address
  if @proxy_from_env then
    proxy_uri&.hostname
  else
    @proxy_address
  end
end
Also aliased as: proxyaddr
proxy_from_env?() click to toggle source

True if the proxy for this connection is determined from the environment

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1100
def proxy_from_env?
  @proxy_from_env
end
proxy_pass() click to toggle source

The password of the proxy server, if one is configured.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1148
def proxy_pass
  if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env
    proxy_uri&.password
  else
    @proxy_pass
  end
end
proxy_port() click to toggle source

The port of the proxy server, if one is configured.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1123
def proxy_port
  if @proxy_from_env then
    proxy_uri&.port
  else
    @proxy_port
  end
end
Also aliased as: proxyport
proxy_user() click to toggle source

The username of the proxy server, if one is configured.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1139
def proxy_user
  if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env
    proxy_uri&.user
  else
    @proxy_user
  end
end
proxyaddr()
Alias for: proxy_address
proxyport()
Alias for: proxy_port
read_timeout=(sec) click to toggle source

Setter for the read_timeout attribute.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 766
def read_timeout=(sec)
  @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
  @read_timeout = sec
end
request(req, body = nil) { |response| ... } click to toggle source

Sends an HTTPRequest object req to the HTTP server.

If req is a Net::HTTP::Post or Net::HTTP::Put request containing data, the data is also sent. Providing data for a Net::HTTP::Head or Net::HTTP::Get request results in an ArgumentError.

Returns an HTTPResponse object.

When called with a block, passes an HTTPResponse object to the block. The body of the response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body, if desired.

This method never raises Net::* exceptions.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1468
def request(req, body = nil, &block)  # :yield: +response+
  unless started?
    start {
      req['connection'] ||= 'close'
      return request(req, body, &block)
    }
  end
  if proxy_user()
    req.proxy_basic_auth proxy_user(), proxy_pass() unless use_ssl?
  end
  req.set_body_internal body
  res = transport_request(req, &block)
  if sspi_auth?(res)
    sspi_auth(req)
    res = transport_request(req, &block)
  end
  res
end
request_get(path, initheader = nil) { |response| ... } click to toggle source

Sends a GET request to the path. Returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse object.

When called with a block, passes an HTTPResponse object to the block. The body of the response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body, if desired.

Returns the response.

This method never raises Net::* exceptions.

response = http.request_get('/index.html')
# The entity body is already read in this case.
p response['content-type']
puts response.body

# Using a block
http.request_get('/index.html') {|response|
  p response['content-type']
  response.read_body do |str|   # read body now
    print str
  end
}
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1379
def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
  request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block)
end
Also aliased as: get2
request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block) click to toggle source

Sends a HEAD request to the path and returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse object.

Returns the response.

This method never raises Net::* exceptions.

response = http.request_head('/index.html')
p response['content-type']
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1393
def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block)
  request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block)
end
Also aliased as: head2
request_post(path, data, initheader = nil) { |response| ... } click to toggle source

Sends a POST request to the path.

Returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse object.

When called with a block, the block is passed an HTTPResponse object. The body of that response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body, if desired.

Returns the response.

This method never raises Net::* exceptions.

# example
response = http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...')
p response.status
puts response.body          # body is already read in this case

# using block
http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') {|response|
  p response.status
  p response['content-type']
  response.read_body do |str|   # read body now
    print str
  end
}
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1423
def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
  request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block
end
Also aliased as: post2
send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil) click to toggle source

Sends an HTTP request to the HTTP server. Also sends a DATA string if data is given.

Returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.

This method never raises Net::* exceptions.

response = http.send_request('GET', '/index.html')
puts response.body
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1447
def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
  has_response_body = name != 'HEAD'
  r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),has_response_body,path,header)
  request r, data
end
set_debug_output(output) click to toggle source

WARNING This method opens a serious security hole. Never use this method in production code.

Sets an output stream for debugging.

http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.set_debug_output $stderr
http.start { .... }
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 707
def set_debug_output(output)
  warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started', uplevel: 1 if started?
  @debug_output = output
end
start() { |http| ... } click to toggle source

Opens a TCP connection and HTTP session.

When this method is called with a block, it passes the Net::HTTP object to the block, and closes the TCP connection and HTTP session after the block has been executed.

When called with a block, it returns the return value of the block; otherwise, it returns self.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 915
def start  # :yield: http
  raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started
  if block_given?
    begin
      do_start
      return yield(self)
    ensure
      do_finish
    end
  end
  do_start
  self
end
started?() click to toggle source

Returns true if the HTTP session has been started.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 795
def started?
  @started
end
Also aliased as: active?
trace(path, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a TRACE request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1350
def trace(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Trace.new(path, initheader))
end
unlock(path, body, initheader = nil) click to toggle source

Sends a UNLOCK request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1308
def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil)
  request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body)
end
use_ssl=(flag) click to toggle source

Turn on/off SSL. This flag must be set before starting session. If you change use_ssl value after session started, a Net::HTTP object raises IOError.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 812
def use_ssl=(flag)
  flag = flag ? true : false
  if started? and @use_ssl != flag
    raise IOError, "use_ssl value changed, but session already started"
  end
  @use_ssl = flag
end
use_ssl?() click to toggle source

Returns true if SSL/TLS is being used with HTTP.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 804
def use_ssl?
  @use_ssl
end
write_timeout=(sec) click to toggle source

Setter for the write_timeout attribute.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 772
def write_timeout=(sec)
  @socket.write_timeout = sec if @socket
  @write_timeout = sec
end

Private Instance Methods

D(msg) click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1636
def D(msg)
  return unless @debug_output
  @debug_output << msg
  @debug_output << "\n"
end
addr_port() click to toggle source

utils

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1629
def addr_port
  addr = address
  addr = "[#{addr}]" if addr.include?(":")
  default_port = use_ssl? ? HTTP.https_default_port : HTTP.http_default_port
  default_port == port ? addr : "#{addr}:#{port}"
end
begin_transport(req) click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1546
def begin_transport(req)
  if @socket.closed?
    connect
  elsif @last_communicated
    if @last_communicated + @keep_alive_timeout < Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
      D 'Conn close because of keep_alive_timeout'
      @socket.close
      connect
    elsif @socket.io.to_io.wait_readable(0) && @socket.eof?
      D "Conn close because of EOF"
      @socket.close
      connect
    end
  end

  if not req.response_body_permitted? and @close_on_empty_response
    req['connection'] ||= 'close'
  end

  req.update_uri address, port, use_ssl?
  req['host'] ||= addr_port()
end
connect() click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 935
def connect
  if proxy? then
    conn_address = proxy_address
    conn_port    = proxy_port
  else
    conn_address = address
    conn_port    = port
  end

  D "opening connection to #{conn_address}:#{conn_port}..."
  s = Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) {
    begin
      TCPSocket.open(conn_address, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
    rescue => e
      raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " +
        "#{conn_address}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
    end
  }
  s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
  D "opened"
  if use_ssl?
    if proxy?
      plain_sock = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
                                  write_timeout: @write_timeout,
                                  continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
                                  debug_output: @debug_output)
      buf = "CONNECT #{@address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n"
      buf << "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}\r\n"
      if proxy_user
        credential = ["#{proxy_user}:#{proxy_pass}"].pack('m0')
        buf << "Proxy-Authorization: Basic #{credential}\r\n"
      end
      buf << "\r\n"
      plain_sock.write(buf)
      HTTPResponse.read_new(plain_sock).value
      # assuming nothing left in buffers after successful CONNECT response
    end

    ssl_parameters = Hash.new
    iv_list = instance_variables
    SSL_IVNAMES.each_with_index do |ivname, i|
      if iv_list.include?(ivname) and
        value = instance_variable_get(ivname)
        ssl_parameters[SSL_ATTRIBUTES[i]] = value if value
      end
    end
    @ssl_context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
    @ssl_context.set_params(ssl_parameters)
    @ssl_context.session_cache_mode =
      OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT |
      OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE
    @ssl_context.session_new_cb = proc {|sock, sess| @ssl_session = sess }
    D "starting SSL for #{conn_address}:#{conn_port}..."
    s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context)
    s.sync_close = true
    # Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546
    s.hostname = @address if s.respond_to? :hostname=
    if @ssl_session and
       Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME) < @ssl_session.time.to_f + @ssl_session.timeout
      s.session = @ssl_session
    end
    ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout)
    if @ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
      s.post_connection_check(@address)
    end
    D "SSL established, protocol: #{s.ssl_version}, cipher: #{s.cipher[0]}"
  end
  @socket = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
                           write_timeout: @write_timeout,
                           continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
                           debug_output: @debug_output)
  on_connect
rescue => exception
  if s
    D "Conn close because of connect error #{exception}"
    s.close
  end
  raise
end
do_finish() click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1027
def do_finish
  @started = false
  @socket.close if @socket
  @socket = nil
end
do_start() click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 929
def do_start
  connect
  @started = true
end
edit_path(path) click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1171
def edit_path(path)
  if proxy?
    if path.start_with?("ftp://") || use_ssl?
      path
    else
      "http://#{addr_port}#{path}"
    end
  else
    path
  end
end
end_transport(req, res) click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1569
def end_transport(req, res)
  @curr_http_version = res.http_version
  @last_communicated = nil
  if @socket.closed?
    D 'Conn socket closed'
  elsif not res.body and @close_on_empty_response
    D 'Conn close'
    @socket.close
  elsif keep_alive?(req, res)
    D 'Conn keep-alive'
    @last_communicated = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
  else
    D 'Conn close'
    @socket.close
  end
end
keep_alive?(req, res) click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1586
def keep_alive?(req, res)
  return false if req.connection_close?
  if @curr_http_version <= '1.0'
    res.connection_keep_alive?
  else   # HTTP/1.1 or later
    not res.connection_close?
  end
end
on_connect() click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1016
def on_connect
end
send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block) click to toggle source

Executes a request which uses a representation and returns its body.

# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1491
def send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block)
  res = nil
  request(type.new(path, initheader), data) {|r|
    r.read_body dest, &block
    res = r
  }
  res
end
sspi_auth(req) click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1610
def sspi_auth(req)
  n = Win32::SSPI::NegotiateAuth.new
  req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.get_initial_token}"
  # Some versions of ISA will close the connection if this isn't present.
  req["Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
  req["Proxy-Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
  res = transport_request(req)
  authphrase = res["Proxy-Authenticate"]  or return res
  req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.complete_authentication(authphrase)}"
rescue => err
  raise HTTPAuthenticationError.new('HTTP authentication failed', err)
end
sspi_auth?(res) click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1595
def sspi_auth?(res)
  return false unless @sspi_enabled
  if res.kind_of?(HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired) and
      proxy? and res["Proxy-Authenticate"].include?("Negotiate")
    begin
      require 'win32/sspi'
      true
    rescue LoadError
      false
    end
  else
    false
  end
end
transport_request(req) { |res| ... } click to toggle source
# File lib/net/http.rb, line 1502
def transport_request(req)
  count = 0
  begin
    begin_transport req
    res = catch(:response) {
      req.exec @socket, @curr_http_version, edit_path(req.path)
      begin
        res = HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket)
        res.decode_content = req.decode_content
      end while res.kind_of?(HTTPInformation)

      res.uri = req.uri

      res
    }
    res.reading_body(@socket, req.response_body_permitted?) {
      yield res if block_given?
    }
  rescue Net::OpenTimeout
    raise
  rescue Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError,
         Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE,
         # avoid a dependency on OpenSSL
         defined?(OpenSSL::SSL) ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError : IOError,
         Timeout::Error => exception
    if count < max_retries && IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_.include?(req.method)
      count += 1
      @socket.close if @socket
      D "Conn close because of error #{exception}, and retry"
      retry
    end
    D "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
    @socket.close if @socket
    raise
  end

  end_transport req, res
  res
rescue => exception
  D "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
  @socket.close if @socket
  raise exception
end