module Forwardable

The Forwardable module provides delegation of specified methods to a designated object, using the methods def_delegator and def_delegators.

For example, say you have a class RecordCollection which contains an array @records. You could provide the lookup method record_number(), which simply calls [] on the @records array, like this:

require 'forwardable'

class RecordCollection
  attr_accessor :records
  extend Forwardable
  def_delegator :@records, :[], :record_number
end

We can use the lookup method like so:

r = RecordCollection.new
r.records = [4,5,6]
r.record_number(0)  # => 4

Further, if you wish to provide the methods size, <<, and map, all of which delegate to @records, this is how you can do it:

class RecordCollection # re-open RecordCollection class
  def_delegators :@records, :size, :<<, :map
end

r = RecordCollection.new
r.records = [1,2,3]
r.record_number(0)   # => 1
r.size               # => 3
r << 4               # => [1, 2, 3, 4]
r.map { |x| x * 2 }  # => [2, 4, 6, 8]

You can even extend regular objects with Forwardable.

my_hash = Hash.new
my_hash.extend Forwardable              # prepare object for delegation
my_hash.def_delegator "STDOUT", "puts"  # add delegation for STDOUT.puts()
my_hash.puts "Howdy!"

Another example¶ ↑

We want to rely on what has come before obviously, but with delegation we can take just the methods we need and even rename them as appropriate. In many cases this is preferable to inheritance, which gives us the entire old interface, even if much of it isn't needed.

class Queue
  extend Forwardable

  def initialize
    @q = [ ]    # prepare delegate object
  end

  # setup preferred interface, enq() and deq()...
  def_delegator :@q, :push, :enq
  def_delegator :@q, :shift, :deq

  # support some general Array methods that fit Queues well
  def_delegators :@q, :clear, :first, :push, :shift, :size
end

q = Queue.new
q.enq 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
q.push 6

q.shift    # => 1
while q.size > 0
  puts q.deq
end

q.enq "Ruby", "Perl", "Python"
puts q.first
q.clear
puts q.first

This should output:

2
3
4
5
6
Ruby
nil

Notes¶ ↑

Be advised, RDoc will not detect delegated methods.

forwardable.rb provides single-method delegation via the #def_delegator and #def_delegators methods. For full-class delegation via DelegateClass, see delegate.rb.

Constants

FILE_REGEXP
FORWARDABLE_VERSION: Version of forwardable.rb

Attributes

debug[RW]

If true, __FILE__ will remain in the backtrace in the event an Exception is raised.

Public Class Methods

_delegator_method(obj, accessor, method, ali) click to toggle source

# File lib/forwardable.rb, line 190
  def self._delegator_method(obj, accessor, method, ali)
    accessor = accessor.to_s unless Symbol === accessor

    if Module === obj ?
         obj.method_defined?(accessor) || obj.private_method_defined?(accessor) :
         obj.respond_to?(accessor, true)
      accessor = "#{accessor}()"
    end

    line_no = __LINE__+1; str = "#{<<-"begin;"}\n#{<<-"end;"}"
    begin;
      proc do
        def #{ali}(*args, &block)
          begin
            #{accessor}
          ensure
            $@.delete_if {|s| ::Forwardable::FILE_REGEXP =~ s} if $@ and !::Forwardable::debug
          end.__send__ :#{method}, *args, &block
        end
      end
    end;

    RubyVM::InstructionSequence
      .compile(str, __FILE__, __FILE__, line_no,
               trace_instruction: false,
               tailcall_optimization: true)
      .eval
  end

Public Instance Methods

def_delegator(accessor, method, ali = method)

Alias for: def_instance_delegator

def_delegators(accessor, *methods)

Alias for: def_instance_delegators

def_instance_delegator(accessor, method, ali = method) click to toggle source

Define method as delegator instance method with an optional alias name ali. Method calls to ali will be delegated to accessor.method.

class MyQueue
  extend Forwardable
  attr_reader :queue
  def initialize
    @queue = []
  end

  def_delegator :@queue, :push, :mypush
end

q = MyQueue.new
q.mypush 42
q.queue    #=> [42]
q.push 23  #=> NoMethodError

# File lib/forwardable.rb, line 179
def def_instance_delegator(accessor, method, ali = method)
  gen = Forwardable._delegator_method(self, accessor, method, ali)

  # If it's not a class or module, it's an instance
  (Module === self ? self : singleton_class).module_eval(&gen)
end

Also aliased as: def_delegator

def_instance_delegators(accessor, *methods) click to toggle source

Shortcut for defining multiple delegator methods, but with no provision for using a different name. The following two code samples have the same effect:

def_delegators :@records, :size, :<<, :map

def_delegator :@records, :size
def_delegator :@records, :<<
def_delegator :@records, :map

# File lib/forwardable.rb, line 152
def def_instance_delegators(accessor, *methods)
  methods.delete("__send__")
  methods.delete("__id__")
  for method in methods
    def_instance_delegator(accessor, method)
  end
end

Also aliased as: def_delegators

delegate(hash)

Alias for: instance_delegate

delegate method → accessor click to toggle source

delegate [method, method, ...] → accessor

Takes a hash as its argument. The key is a symbol or an array of symbols. These symbols correspond to method names. The value is the accessor to which the methods will be delegated.

# File lib/forwardable.rb, line 132
def instance_delegate(hash)
  hash.each{ |methods, accessor|
    methods = [methods] unless methods.respond_to?(:each)
    methods.each{ |method|
      def_instance_delegator(accessor, method)
    }
  }
end

Also aliased as: delegate