class RubyVM::RJIT::InsnCompiler

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 8
def initialize(cb, ocb, exit_compiler)
  @ocb = ocb
  @exit_compiler = exit_compiler

  @cfunc_codegen_table = {}
  register_cfunc_codegen_funcs
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 20
def compile(jit, ctx, asm, insn)
  asm.incr_counter(:rjit_insns_count)
  asm.comment("Insn: #{insn.name}")

  # 83/102
  case insn.name
  when :nop then nop(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :getlocal then getlocal(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :setlocal then setlocal(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :getblockparam then getblockparam(jit, ctx, asm)
  # setblockparam
  when :getblockparamproxy then getblockparamproxy(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :getspecial then getspecial(jit, ctx, asm)
  # setspecial
  when :getinstancevariable then getinstancevariable(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :setinstancevariable then setinstancevariable(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :getclassvariable then getclassvariable(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :setclassvariable then setclassvariable(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_getconstant_path then opt_getconstant_path(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :getconstant then getconstant(jit, ctx, asm)
  # setconstant
  when :getglobal then getglobal(jit, ctx, asm)
  # setglobal
  when :putnil then putnil(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :putself then putself(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :putobject then putobject(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :putspecialobject then putspecialobject(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :putstring then putstring(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :concatstrings then concatstrings(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :anytostring then anytostring(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :toregexp then toregexp(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :intern then intern(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :newarray then newarray(jit, ctx, asm)
  # newarraykwsplat
  when :duparray then duparray(jit, ctx, asm)
  # duphash
  when :expandarray then expandarray(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :concatarray then concatarray(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :splatarray then splatarray(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :newhash then newhash(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :newrange then newrange(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :pop then pop(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :dup then dup(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :dupn then dupn(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :swap then swap(jit, ctx, asm)
  # opt_reverse
  when :topn then topn(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :setn then setn(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :adjuststack then adjuststack(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :defined then defined(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :definedivar then definedivar(jit, ctx, asm)
  # checkmatch
  when :checkkeyword then checkkeyword(jit, ctx, asm)
  # checktype
  # defineclass
  # definemethod
  # definesmethod
  when :send then send(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_send_without_block then opt_send_without_block(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :objtostring then objtostring(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_str_freeze then opt_str_freeze(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_nil_p then opt_nil_p(jit, ctx, asm)
  # opt_str_uminus
  # opt_newarray_max
  when :opt_newarray_min then opt_newarray_min(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :invokesuper then invokesuper(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :invokeblock then invokeblock(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :leave then leave(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :throw then throw(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :jump then jump(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :branchif then branchif(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :branchunless then branchunless(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :branchnil then branchnil(jit, ctx, asm)
  # once
  when :opt_case_dispatch then opt_case_dispatch(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_plus then opt_plus(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_minus then opt_minus(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_mult then opt_mult(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_div then opt_div(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_mod then opt_mod(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_eq then opt_eq(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_neq then opt_neq(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_lt then opt_lt(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_le then opt_le(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_gt then opt_gt(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_ge then opt_ge(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_ltlt then opt_ltlt(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_and then opt_and(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_or then opt_or(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_aref then opt_aref(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_aset then opt_aset(jit, ctx, asm)
  # opt_aset_with
  # opt_aref_with
  when :opt_length then opt_length(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_size then opt_size(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_empty_p then opt_empty_p(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_succ then opt_succ(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_not then opt_not(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_regexpmatch2 then opt_regexpmatch2(jit, ctx, asm)
  # invokebuiltin
  when :opt_invokebuiltin_delegate then opt_invokebuiltin_delegate(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave then opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :getlocal_WC_0 then getlocal_WC_0(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :getlocal_WC_1 then getlocal_WC_1(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :setlocal_WC_0 then setlocal_WC_0(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :setlocal_WC_1 then setlocal_WC_1(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :putobject_INT2FIX_0_ then putobject_INT2FIX_0_(jit, ctx, asm)
  when :putobject_INT2FIX_1_ then putobject_INT2FIX_1_(jit, ctx, asm)
  else CantCompile
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1195
def adjuststack(jit, ctx, asm)
  n = jit.operand(0)
  ctx.stack_pop(n)
  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 787
def anytostring(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Save the PC and SP since we might call #to_s
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

  str = ctx.stack_pop(1)
  val = ctx.stack_pop(1)

  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], str)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], val)
  asm.call(C.rb_obj_as_string_result)

  # Push the return value
  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_ret, C_RET)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4856
def assert_equal(left, right)
  if left != right
    raise "'#{left.inspect}' was not '#{right.inspect}'"
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1666
def branchif(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Check for interrupts, but only on backward branches that may create loops
  jump_offset = jit.operand(0, signed: true)
  if jump_offset < 0
    jit_check_ints(jit, ctx, asm)
  end

  # TODO: skip check for known truthy

  # This `test` sets ZF only for Qnil and Qfalse, which let jz jump.
  val = ctx.stack_pop
  asm.test(val, ~Qnil)

  # Set stubs
  branch_stub = BranchStub.new(
    iseq: jit.iseq,
    shape: Default,
    target0: BranchTarget.new(ctx:, pc: jit.pc + C.VALUE.size * (jit.insn.len + jump_offset)), # branch target
    target1: BranchTarget.new(ctx:, pc: jit.pc + C.VALUE.size * jit.insn.len),                 # fallthrough
  )
  branch_stub.target0.address = Assembler.new.then do |ocb_asm|
    @exit_compiler.compile_branch_stub(ctx, ocb_asm, branch_stub, true)
    @ocb.write(ocb_asm)
  end
  branch_stub.target1.address = Assembler.new.then do |ocb_asm|
    @exit_compiler.compile_branch_stub(ctx, ocb_asm, branch_stub, false)
    @ocb.write(ocb_asm)
  end

  # Jump to target0 on jnz
  branch_stub.compile = proc do |branch_asm|
    branch_asm.comment("branchif #{branch_stub.shape}")
    branch_asm.stub(branch_stub) do
      case branch_stub.shape
      in Default
        branch_asm.jnz(branch_stub.target0.address)
        branch_asm.jmp(branch_stub.target1.address)
      in Next0
        branch_asm.jz(branch_stub.target1.address)
      in Next1
        branch_asm.jnz(branch_stub.target0.address)
      end
    end
  end
  branch_stub.compile.call(asm)

  EndBlock
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1770
def branchnil(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Check for interrupts, but only on backward branches that may create loops
  jump_offset = jit.operand(0, signed: true)
  if jump_offset < 0
    jit_check_ints(jit, ctx, asm)
  end

  # TODO: skip check for known truthy

  val = ctx.stack_pop
  asm.cmp(val, Qnil)

  # Set stubs
  branch_stub = BranchStub.new(
    iseq: jit.iseq,
    shape: Default,
    target0: BranchTarget.new(ctx:, pc: jit.pc + C.VALUE.size * (jit.insn.len + jump_offset)), # branch target
    target1: BranchTarget.new(ctx:, pc: jit.pc + C.VALUE.size * jit.insn.len),                 # fallthrough
  )
  branch_stub.target0.address = Assembler.new.then do |ocb_asm|
    @exit_compiler.compile_branch_stub(ctx, ocb_asm, branch_stub, true)
    @ocb.write(ocb_asm)
  end
  branch_stub.target1.address = Assembler.new.then do |ocb_asm|
    @exit_compiler.compile_branch_stub(ctx, ocb_asm, branch_stub, false)
    @ocb.write(ocb_asm)
  end

  # Jump to target0 on je
  branch_stub.compile = proc do |branch_asm|
    branch_asm.comment("branchnil #{branch_stub.shape}")
    branch_asm.stub(branch_stub) do
      case branch_stub.shape
      in Default
        branch_asm.je(branch_stub.target0.address)
        branch_asm.jmp(branch_stub.target1.address)
      in Next0
        branch_asm.jne(branch_stub.target1.address)
      in Next1
        branch_asm.je(branch_stub.target0.address)
      end
    end
  end
  branch_stub.compile.call(asm)

  EndBlock
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1718
def branchunless(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Check for interrupts, but only on backward branches that may create loops
  jump_offset = jit.operand(0, signed: true)
  if jump_offset < 0
    jit_check_ints(jit, ctx, asm)
  end

  # TODO: skip check for known truthy

  # This `test` sets ZF only for Qnil and Qfalse, which let jz jump.
  val = ctx.stack_pop
  asm.test(val, ~Qnil)

  # Set stubs
  branch_stub = BranchStub.new(
    iseq: jit.iseq,
    shape: Default,
    target0: BranchTarget.new(ctx:, pc: jit.pc + C.VALUE.size * (jit.insn.len + jump_offset)), # branch target
    target1: BranchTarget.new(ctx:, pc: jit.pc + C.VALUE.size * jit.insn.len),                 # fallthrough
  )
  branch_stub.target0.address = Assembler.new.then do |ocb_asm|
    @exit_compiler.compile_branch_stub(ctx, ocb_asm, branch_stub, true)
    @ocb.write(ocb_asm)
  end
  branch_stub.target1.address = Assembler.new.then do |ocb_asm|
    @exit_compiler.compile_branch_stub(ctx, ocb_asm, branch_stub, false)
    @ocb.write(ocb_asm)
  end

  # Jump to target0 on jz
  branch_stub.compile = proc do |branch_asm|
    branch_asm.comment("branchunless #{branch_stub.shape}")
    branch_asm.stub(branch_stub) do
      case branch_stub.shape
      in Default
        branch_asm.jz(branch_stub.target0.address)
        branch_asm.jmp(branch_stub.target1.address)
      in Next0
        branch_asm.jnz(branch_stub.target1.address)
      in Next1
        branch_asm.jz(branch_stub.target0.address)
      end
    end
  end
  branch_stub.compile.call(asm)

  EndBlock
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1275
def checkkeyword(jit, ctx, asm)
  # When a keyword is unspecified past index 32, a hash will be used
  # instead. This can only happen in iseqs taking more than 32 keywords.
  if jit.iseq.body.param.keyword.num >= 32
    return CantCompile
  end

  # The EP offset to the undefined bits local
  bits_offset = jit.operand(0)

  # The index of the keyword we want to check
  index = jit.operand(1, signed: true)

  # Load environment pointer EP
  ep_reg = :rax
  jit_get_ep(asm, 0, reg: ep_reg)

  # VALUE kw_bits = *(ep - bits)
  bits_opnd = [ep_reg, C.VALUE.size * -bits_offset]

  # unsigned int b = (unsigned int)FIX2ULONG(kw_bits);
  # if ((b & (0x01 << idx))) {
  #
  # We can skip the FIX2ULONG conversion by shifting the bit we test
  bit_test = 0x01 << (index + 1)
  asm.test(bits_opnd, bit_test)
  asm.mov(:rax, Qfalse)
  asm.mov(:rcx, Qtrue)
  asm.cmovz(:rax, :rcx)

  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_ret, :rax)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 994
def concatarray(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Save the PC and SP because the callee may allocate
  # Note that this modifies REG_SP, which is why we do it first
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

  # Get the operands from the stack
  ary2st_opnd = ctx.stack_pop(1)
  ary1_opnd = ctx.stack_pop(1)

  # Call rb_vm_concat_array(ary1, ary2st)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], ary1_opnd)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], ary2st_opnd)
  asm.call(C.rb_vm_concat_array)

  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_ret, C_RET)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 764
def concatstrings(jit, ctx, asm)
  n = jit.operand(0)

  # Save the PC and SP because we are allocating
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

  asm.lea(:rax, ctx.sp_opnd(-C.VALUE.size * n))

  # call rb_str_concat_literals(size_t n, const VALUE *strings);
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], n)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], :rax)
  asm.call(C.rb_str_concat_literals)

  ctx.stack_pop(n)
  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_ret, C_RET)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4934
def counted_exit(side_exit, name)
  asm = Assembler.new
  asm.incr_counter(name)
  asm.jmp(side_exit)
  @ocb.write(asm)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4941
def def_iseq_ptr(cme_def)
  C.rb_iseq_check(cme_def.body.iseq.iseqptr)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4890
def defer_compilation(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Make a stub to compile the current insn
  if ctx.chain_depth != 0
    raise "double defer!"
  end
  ctx.chain_depth += 1
  jit_direct_jump(jit.iseq, jit.pc, ctx, asm, comment: 'defer_compilation')
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1204
def defined(jit, ctx, asm)
  op_type = jit.operand(0)
  obj = jit.operand(1, ruby: true)
  pushval = jit.operand(2, ruby: true)

  # Save the PC and SP because the callee may allocate
  # Note that this modifies REG_SP, which is why we do it first
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

  # Get the operands from the stack
  v_opnd = ctx.stack_pop(1)

  # Call vm_defined(ec, reg_cfp, op_type, obj, v)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], EC)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], CFP)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[2], op_type)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[3], to_value(obj))
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[4], v_opnd)
  asm.call(C.rb_vm_defined)

  asm.test(C_RET, 255)
  asm.mov(:rax, Qnil)
  asm.mov(:rcx, to_value(pushval))
  asm.cmovnz(:rax, :rcx)

  # Push the return value onto the stack
  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_ret, :rax)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1239
def definedivar(jit, ctx, asm)
  ivar_name = jit.operand(0)
  pushval = jit.operand(2)

  # Get the receiver
  asm.mov(:rcx, [CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:self)])

  # Save the PC and SP because the callee may allocate
  # Note that this modifies REG_SP, which is why we do it first
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm) # clobbers :rax

  # Call rb_ivar_defined(recv, ivar_name)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], :rcx)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], ivar_name)
  asm.call(C.rb_ivar_defined)

  # if (rb_ivar_defined(recv, ivar_name)) {
  #  val = pushval;
  # }
  asm.test(C_RET, 255)
  asm.mov(:rax, Qnil)
  asm.mov(:rcx, pushval)
  asm.cmovnz(:rax, :rcx)

  # Push the return value onto the stack
  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_ret, :rax)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1114
def dup(jit, ctx, asm)
  val1 = ctx.stack_opnd(0)
  val2 = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(:rax, val1)
  asm.mov(val2, :rax)
  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 904
def duparray(jit, ctx, asm)
  ary = jit.operand(0)

  # Save the PC and SP because we are allocating
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

  # call rb_ary_resurrect(VALUE ary);
  asm.comment('call rb_ary_resurrect')
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], ary)
  asm.call(C.rb_ary_resurrect)

  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_ret, C_RET)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1125
def dupn(jit, ctx, asm)
  n = jit.operand(0)

  # In practice, seems to be only used for n==2
  if n != 2
    return CantCompile
  end

  opnd1 = ctx.stack_opnd(1)
  opnd0 = ctx.stack_opnd(0)

  dst1 = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(:rax, opnd1)
  asm.mov(dst1, :rax)

  dst0 = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(:rax, opnd0)
  asm.mov(dst0, :rax)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4878
def dynamic_symbol?(obj)
  return false if C::SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)
  C.RB_TYPE_P(obj, C::RUBY_T_SYMBOL)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 926
def expandarray(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Both arguments are rb_num_t which is unsigned
  num = jit.operand(0)
  flag = jit.operand(1)

  # If this instruction has the splat flag, then bail out.
  if flag & 0x01 != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:expandarray_splat)
    return CantCompile
  end

  # If this instruction has the postarg flag, then bail out.
  if flag & 0x02 != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:expandarray_postarg)
    return CantCompile
  end

  side_exit = side_exit(jit, ctx)

  array_opnd = ctx.stack_pop(1)

  # num is the number of requested values. If there aren't enough in the
  # array then we're going to push on nils.
  # TODO: implement this

  # Move the array from the stack and check that it's an array.
  asm.mov(:rax, array_opnd)
  guard_object_is_heap(asm, :rax, counted_exit(side_exit, :expandarray_not_array))
  guard_object_is_array(asm, :rax, :rcx, counted_exit(side_exit, :expandarray_not_array))

  # If we don't actually want any values, then just return.
  if num == 0
    return KeepCompiling
  end

  jit_array_len(asm, :rax, :rcx)

  # Only handle the case where the number of values in the array is greater
  # than or equal to the number of values requested.
  asm.cmp(:rcx, num)
  asm.jl(counted_exit(side_exit, :expandarray_rhs_too_small))

  # Conditionally load the address of the heap array into REG1.
  # (struct RArray *)(obj)->as.heap.ptr
  #asm.mov(:rax, array_opnd)
  asm.mov(:rcx, [:rax, C.RBasic.offsetof(:flags)])
  asm.test(:rcx, C::RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG);
  asm.mov(:rcx, [:rax, C.RArray.offsetof(:as, :heap, :ptr)])

  # Load the address of the embedded array into REG1.
  # (struct RArray *)(obj)->as.ary
  asm.lea(:rax, [:rax, C.RArray.offsetof(:as, :ary)])

  asm.cmovnz(:rcx, :rax)

  # Loop backward through the array and push each element onto the stack.
  (num - 1).downto(0).each do |i|
    top = ctx.stack_push
    asm.mov(:rax, [:rcx, i * C.VALUE.size])
    asm.mov(top, :rax)
  end

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4862
def fixnum?(obj)
  (C.to_value(obj) & C::RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG) == C::RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4866
def flonum?(obj)
  (C.to_value(obj) & C::RUBY_FLONUM_MASK) == C::RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4950
def full_cfunc_return
  @full_cfunc_return ||= Assembler.new.then do |asm|
    @exit_compiler.compile_full_cfunc_return(asm)
    @ocb.write(asm)
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3636
def get_lvar_level(iseq)
  level = 0
  while iseq.to_i != iseq.body.local_iseq.to_i
    level += 1
    iseq = iseq.body.parent_iseq
  end
  return level
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 167
def getblockparam(jit, ctx, asm)
  # EP level
  level = jit.operand(1)

  # Save the PC and SP because we might allocate
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

  # A mirror of the interpreter code. Checking for the case
  # where it's pushing rb_block_param_proxy.
  side_exit = side_exit(jit, ctx)

  # Load environment pointer EP from CFP
  ep_reg = :rax
  jit_get_ep(asm, level, reg: ep_reg)

  # Bail when VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM) is non zero
  # FIXME: This is testing bits in the same place that the WB check is testing.
  # We should combine these at some point
  asm.test([ep_reg, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS], C::VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM)

  # If the frame flag has been modified, then the actual proc value is
  # already in the EP and we should just use the value.
  frame_flag_modified = asm.new_label('frame_flag_modified')
  asm.jnz(frame_flag_modified)

  # This instruction writes the block handler to the EP.  If we need to
  # fire a write barrier for the write, then exit (we'll let the
  # interpreter handle it so it can fire the write barrier).
  # flags & VM_ENV_FLAG_WB_REQUIRED
  asm.test([ep_reg, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS], C::VM_ENV_FLAG_WB_REQUIRED)

  # if (flags & VM_ENV_FLAG_WB_REQUIRED) != 0
  asm.jnz(side_exit)

  # Convert the block handler in to a proc
  # call rb_vm_bh_to_procval(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE block_handler)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], EC)
  # The block handler for the current frame
  # note, VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep))
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], [ep_reg, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL])
  asm.call(C.rb_vm_bh_to_procval)

  # Load environment pointer EP from CFP (again)
  ep_reg = :rcx
  jit_get_ep(asm, level, reg: ep_reg)

  # Write the value at the environment pointer
  idx = jit.operand(0)
  offs = -(C.VALUE.size * idx)
  asm.mov([ep_reg, offs], C_RET);

  # Set the frame modified flag
  asm.mov(:rax, [ep_reg, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS]) # flag_check
  asm.or(:rax, C::VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM) # modified_flag
  asm.mov([ep_reg, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS], :rax)

  asm.write_label(frame_flag_modified)

  # Push the proc on the stack
  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  ep_reg = :rax
  jit_get_ep(asm, level, reg: ep_reg)
  asm.mov(:rax, [ep_reg, offs])
  asm.mov(stack_ret, :rax)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 240
def getblockparamproxy(jit, ctx, asm)
  # To get block_handler
  unless jit.at_current_insn?
    defer_compilation(jit, ctx, asm)
    return EndBlock
  end

  starting_context = ctx.dup # make a copy for use with jit_chain_guard

  # A mirror of the interpreter code. Checking for the case
  # where it's pushing rb_block_param_proxy.
  side_exit = side_exit(jit, ctx)

  # EP level
  level = jit.operand(1)

  # Peek at the block handler so we can check whether it's nil
  comptime_handler = jit.peek_at_block_handler(level)

  # When a block handler is present, it should always be a GC-guarded
  # pointer (VM_BH_ISEQ_BLOCK_P)
  if comptime_handler != 0 && comptime_handler & 0x3 != 0x1
    asm.incr_counter(:getblockpp_not_gc_guarded)
    return CantCompile
  end

  # Load environment pointer EP from CFP
  ep_reg = :rax
  jit_get_ep(asm, level, reg: ep_reg)

  # Bail when VM_ENV_FLAGS(ep, VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM) is non zero
  asm.test([ep_reg, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_FLAGS], C::VM_FRAME_FLAG_MODIFIED_BLOCK_PARAM)
  asm.jnz(counted_exit(side_exit, :getblockpp_block_param_modified))

  # Load the block handler for the current frame
  # note, VM_ASSERT(VM_ENV_LOCAL_P(ep))
  block_handler = :rax
  asm.mov(block_handler, [ep_reg, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL])

  # Specialize compilation for the case where no block handler is present
  if comptime_handler == 0
    # Bail if there is a block handler
    asm.cmp(block_handler, 0)

    jit_chain_guard(:jnz, jit, starting_context, asm, counted_exit(side_exit, :getblockpp_block_handler_none))

    putobject(jit, ctx, asm, val: Qnil)
  else
    # Block handler is a tagged pointer. Look at the tag. 0x03 is from VM_BH_ISEQ_BLOCK_P().
    asm.and(block_handler, 0x3)

    # Bail unless VM_BH_ISEQ_BLOCK_P(bh). This also checks for null.
    asm.cmp(block_handler, 0x1)

    jit_chain_guard(:jnz, jit, starting_context, asm, counted_exit(side_exit, :getblockpp_not_iseq_block))

    # Push rb_block_param_proxy. It's a root, so no need to use jit_mov_gc_ptr.
    top = ctx.stack_push
    asm.mov(:rax, C.rb_block_param_proxy)
    asm.mov(top, :rax)
  end

  jump_to_next_insn(jit, ctx, asm)

  EndBlock
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 546
def getclassvariable(jit, ctx, asm)
  # rb_vm_getclassvariable can raise exceptions.
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], [CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:iseq)])
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], CFP)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[2], jit.operand(0))
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[3], jit.operand(1))
  asm.call(C.rb_vm_getclassvariable)

  top = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(top, C_RET)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 648
def getconstant(jit, ctx, asm)
  id = jit.operand(0)

  # vm_get_ev_const can raise exceptions.
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

  allow_nil_opnd = ctx.stack_pop(1)
  klass_opnd = ctx.stack_pop(1)

  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], EC)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], klass_opnd)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[2], id)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[3], allow_nil_opnd)
  asm.call(C.rb_vm_get_ev_const)

  top = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(top, C_RET)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 674
def getglobal(jit, ctx, asm)
  gid = jit.operand(0)

  # Save the PC and SP because we might make a Ruby call for warning
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], gid)
  asm.call(C.rb_gvar_get)

  top = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(top, C_RET)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 378
def getinstancevariable(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Specialize on a compile-time receiver, and split a block for chain guards
  unless jit.at_current_insn?
    defer_compilation(jit, ctx, asm)
    return EndBlock
  end

  id = jit.operand(0)
  comptime_obj = jit.peek_at_self

  jit_getivar(jit, ctx, asm, comptime_obj, id)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 149
def getlocal(jit, ctx, asm)
  idx = jit.operand(0)
  level = jit.operand(1)
  jit_getlocal_generic(jit, ctx, asm, idx:, level:)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 2431
def getlocal_WC_0(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Get operands
  idx = jit.operand(0)

  # Get EP
  asm.mov(:rax, [CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:ep)])

  # Get a local variable
  asm.mov(:rax, [:rax, -idx * C.VALUE.size])

  # Push it to the stack
  stack_top = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_top, :rax)
  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 2450
def getlocal_WC_1(jit, ctx, asm)
  idx = jit.operand(0)
  jit_getlocal_generic(jit, ctx, asm, idx:, level: 1)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 310
def getspecial(jit, ctx, asm)
  # This takes two arguments, key and type
  # key is only used when type == 0
  # A non-zero type determines which type of backref to fetch
  #rb_num_t key = jit.jit_get_arg(0);
  rtype = jit.operand(1)

  if rtype == 0
    # not yet implemented
    return CantCompile;
  elsif rtype & 0x01 != 0
    # Fetch a "special" backref based on a char encoded by shifting by 1

    # Can raise if matchdata uninitialized
    jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

    # call rb_backref_get()
    asm.comment('rb_backref_get')
    asm.call(C.rb_backref_get)

    asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], C_RET) # backref
    case [rtype >> 1].pack('c')
    in ?&
      asm.comment("rb_reg_last_match")
      asm.call(C.rb_reg_last_match)
    in ?`
      asm.comment("rb_reg_match_pre")
      asm.call(C.rb_reg_match_pre)
    in ?'
      asm.comment("rb_reg_match_post")
      asm.call(C.rb_reg_match_post)
    in ?+
      asm.comment("rb_reg_match_last")
      asm.call(C.rb_reg_match_last)
    end

    stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
    asm.mov(stack_ret, C_RET)

    KeepCompiling
  else
    # Fetch the N-th match from the last backref based on type shifted by 1

    # Can raise if matchdata uninitialized
    jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)

    # call rb_backref_get()
    asm.comment('rb_backref_get')
    asm.call(C.rb_backref_get)

    # rb_reg_nth_match((int)(type >> 1), backref);
    asm.comment('rb_reg_nth_match')
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], rtype >> 1)
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], C_RET) # backref
    asm.call(C.rb_reg_nth_match)

    stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
    asm.mov(stack_ret, C_RET)

    KeepCompiling
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3296
def guard_object_is_array(asm, object_reg, flags_reg, side_exit)
  asm.comment('guard object is array')
  # Pull out the type mask
  asm.mov(flags_reg, [object_reg, C.RBasic.offsetof(:flags)])
  asm.and(flags_reg, C::RUBY_T_MASK)

  # Compare the result with T_ARRAY
  asm.cmp(flags_reg, C::RUBY_T_ARRAY)
  asm.jne(side_exit)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3284
def guard_object_is_heap(asm, object_opnd, side_exit)
  asm.comment('guard object is heap')
  # Test that the object is not an immediate
  asm.test(object_opnd, C::RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK)
  asm.jnz(side_exit)

  # Test that the object is not false
  asm.cmp(object_opnd, Qfalse)
  asm.je(side_exit)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3307
def guard_object_is_string(asm, object_reg, flags_reg, side_exit)
  asm.comment('guard object is string')
  # Pull out the type mask
  asm.mov(flags_reg, [object_reg, C.RBasic.offsetof(:flags)])
  asm.and(flags_reg, C::RUBY_T_MASK)

  # Compare the result with T_STRING
  asm.cmp(flags_reg, C::RUBY_T_STRING)
  asm.jne(side_exit)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3428
def guard_two_fixnums(jit, ctx, asm, side_exit)
  # Get stack operands without popping them
  arg1 = ctx.stack_opnd(0)
  arg0 = ctx.stack_opnd(1)

  asm.comment('guard arg0 fixnum')
  asm.test(arg0, C::RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG)
  jit_chain_guard(:jz, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit)
  # TODO: upgrade type, and skip the check when possible

  asm.comment('guard arg1 fixnum')
  asm.test(arg1, C::RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG)
  jit_chain_guard(:jz, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit)
  # TODO: upgrade type, and skip the check when possible
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 851
def intern(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Save the PC and SP because we might allocate
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm);

  str = ctx.stack_pop(1)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], str)
  asm.call(C.rb_str_intern)

  # Push the return value
  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_ret, C_RET)

  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1481
def invokeblock(jit, ctx, asm)
  unless jit.at_current_insn?
    defer_compilation(jit, ctx, asm)
    return EndBlock
  end

  # Get call info
  cd = C.rb_call_data.new(jit.operand(0))
  ci = cd.ci
  calling = CallingInfo.new(
    argc: C.vm_ci_argc(ci),
    flags: C.vm_ci_flag(ci),
  )

  # Get block_handler
  cfp = jit.cfp
  lep = C.rb_vm_ep_local_ep(cfp.ep)
  comptime_handler = lep[C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL]

  # Handle each block_handler type
  if comptime_handler == C::VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE # no block given
    asm.incr_counter(:invokeblock_none)
    CantCompile
  elsif comptime_handler & 0x3 == 0x1 # VM_BH_ISEQ_BLOCK_P
    asm.comment('get local EP')
    ep_reg = :rax
    jit_get_lep(jit, asm, reg: ep_reg)
    asm.mov(:rax, [ep_reg, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL]) # block_handler_opnd

    asm.comment('guard block_handler type')
    side_exit = side_exit(jit, ctx)
    asm.mov(:rcx, :rax)
    asm.and(:rcx, 0x3) # block_handler is a tagged pointer
    asm.cmp(:rcx, 0x1) # VM_BH_ISEQ_BLOCK_P
    tag_changed_exit = counted_exit(side_exit, :invokeblock_tag_changed)
    jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, tag_changed_exit)

    comptime_captured = C.rb_captured_block.new(comptime_handler & ~0x3)
    comptime_iseq = comptime_captured.code.iseq

    asm.comment('guard known ISEQ')
    asm.and(:rax, ~0x3) # captured
    asm.mov(:rax, [:rax, C.VALUE.size * 2]) # captured->iseq
    asm.mov(:rcx, comptime_iseq.to_i)
    asm.cmp(:rax, :rcx)
    block_changed_exit = counted_exit(side_exit, :invokeblock_iseq_block_changed)
    jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, block_changed_exit)

    opt_pc = jit_callee_setup_block_arg(jit, ctx, asm, calling, comptime_iseq, arg_setup_type: :arg_setup_block)
    if opt_pc == CantCompile
      return CantCompile
    end

    jit_call_iseq_setup_normal(
      jit, ctx, asm, nil, calling.flags, calling.argc, comptime_iseq, :captured, opt_pc,
      send_shift: 0, frame_type: C::VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK,
    )
  elsif comptime_handler & 0x3 == 0x3 # VM_BH_IFUNC_P
    # We aren't handling CALLER_SETUP_ARG and CALLER_REMOVE_EMPTY_KW_SPLAT yet.
    if calling.flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT != 0
      asm.incr_counter(:invokeblock_ifunc_args_splat)
      return CantCompile
    end
    if calling.flags & C::VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT != 0
      asm.incr_counter(:invokeblock_ifunc_kw_splat)
      return CantCompile
    end

    asm.comment('get local EP')
    jit_get_lep(jit, asm, reg: :rax)
    asm.mov(:rcx, [:rax, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL]) # block_handler_opnd

    asm.comment('guard block_handler type');
    side_exit = side_exit(jit, ctx)
    asm.mov(:rax, :rcx) # block_handler_opnd
    asm.and(:rax, 0x3) # tag_opnd: block_handler is a tagged pointer
    asm.cmp(:rax, 0x3) # VM_BH_IFUNC_P
    tag_changed_exit = counted_exit(side_exit, :invokeblock_tag_changed)
    jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, tag_changed_exit)

    # The cfunc may not be leaf
    jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm) # clobbers :rax

    asm.comment('call ifunc')
    asm.and(:rcx, ~0x3) # captured_opnd
    asm.lea(:rax, ctx.sp_opnd(-calling.argc * C.VALUE.size)) # argv
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], EC)
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], :rcx) # captured_opnd
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[2], calling.argc)
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[3], :rax) # argv
    asm.call(C.rb_vm_yield_with_cfunc)

    ctx.stack_pop(calling.argc)
    stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
    asm.mov(stack_ret, C_RET)

    # Share the successor with other chains
    jump_to_next_insn(jit, ctx, asm)
    EndBlock
  elsif symbol?(comptime_handler)
    asm.incr_counter(:invokeblock_symbol)
    CantCompile
  else # Proc
    asm.incr_counter(:invokeblock_proc)
    CantCompile
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 1450
def invokesuper(jit, ctx, asm)
  # Specialize on a compile-time receiver, and split a block for chain guards
  unless jit.at_current_insn?
    defer_compilation(jit, ctx, asm)
    return EndBlock
  end

  cd = C.rb_call_data.new(jit.operand(0))
  blockiseq = jit.operand(1)

  block_handler = jit_caller_setup_arg_block(jit, ctx, asm, cd.ci, blockiseq, true)
  if block_handler == CantCompile
    return CantCompile
  end

  # calling->ci
  mid = C.vm_ci_mid(cd.ci)
  argc = C.vm_ci_argc(cd.ci)
  flags = C.vm_ci_flag(cd.ci)

  # vm_sendish
  cme = jit_search_super_method(jit, ctx, asm, mid, argc, flags)
  if cme == CantCompile
    return CantCompile
  end
  jit_call_general(jit, ctx, asm, mid, argc, flags, cme, block_handler, nil)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4839
def jit_array_len(asm, array_reg, len_reg)
  asm.comment('get array length for embedded or heap')

  # Pull out the embed flag to check if it's an embedded array.
  asm.mov(len_reg, [array_reg, C.RBasic.offsetof(:flags)])

  # Get the length of the array
  asm.and(len_reg, C::RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_MASK)
  asm.sar(len_reg, C::RARRAY_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)

  # Conditionally move the length of the heap array
  asm.test([array_reg, C.RBasic.offsetof(:flags)], C::RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG)

  # Select the array length value
  asm.cmovz(len_reg, [array_reg, C.RArray.offsetof(:as, :heap, :len)])
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4267
def jit_call_alias(jit, ctx, asm, argc, flags, cme, comptime_recv, recv_opnd, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  cme = C.rb_aliased_callable_method_entry(cme)
  jit_call_method_each_type(jit, ctx, asm, argc, flags, cme, comptime_recv, recv_opnd, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4230
def jit_call_bmethod(jit, ctx, asm, argc, flags, cme, comptime_recv, recv_opnd, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  proc_addr = cme.def.body.bmethod.proc

  proc_t = C.rb_yjit_get_proc_ptr(proc_addr)
  proc_block = proc_t.block

  if proc_block.type != C.block_type_iseq
    asm.incr_counter(:send_bmethod_not_iseq)
    return CantCompile
  end

  capture = proc_block.as.captured
  iseq = capture.code.iseq

  # TODO: implement this
  # Optimize for single ractor mode and avoid runtime check for
  # "defined with an un-shareable Proc in a different Ractor"
  # if !assume_single_ractor_mode(jit, ocb)
  #     return CantCompile;
  # end

  # Passing a block to a block needs logic different from passing
  # a block to a method and sometimes requires allocation. Bail for now.
  if block_handler != C::VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE
    asm.incr_counter(:send_bmethod_blockarg)
    return CantCompile
  end

  frame_type = C::VM_FRAME_MAGIC_BLOCK | C::VM_FRAME_FLAG_BMETHOD | C::VM_FRAME_FLAG_LAMBDA
  prev_ep = capture.ep
  jit_call_iseq_setup(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, iseq, block_handler, send_shift:, frame_type:, prev_ep:)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4089
def jit_call_cfunc(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  if jit_caller_setup_arg(jit, ctx, asm, flags) == CantCompile
    return CantCompile
  end
  if jit_caller_remove_empty_kw_splat(jit, ctx, asm, flags) == CantCompile
    return CantCompile
  end

  jit_call_cfunc_with_frame(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4104
def jit_call_cfunc_with_frame(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  cfunc = cme.def.body.cfunc

  if argc + 1 > 6
    asm.incr_counter(:send_cfunc_too_many_args)
    return CantCompile
  end

  frame_type = C::VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC | C::VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME | C::VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT != 0
    frame_type |= C::VM_FRAME_FLAG_CFRAME_KW
  end

  # EXEC_EVENT_HOOK: RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL and RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN
  if C.rb_rjit_global_events & (C::RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL | C::RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN) != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_c_tracing)
    return CantCompile
  end

  # rb_check_arity
  if cfunc.argc >= 0 && argc != cfunc.argc
    asm.incr_counter(:send_arity)
    return CantCompile
  end
  if cfunc.argc == -2
    asm.incr_counter(:send_cfunc_ruby_array_varg)
    return CantCompile
  end

  # Delegate to codegen for C methods if we have it.
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_KWARG == 0 && flags & C::VM_CALL_OPT_SEND == 0
    known_cfunc_codegen = lookup_cfunc_codegen(cme.def)
    if known_cfunc_codegen&.call(jit, ctx, asm, argc, known_recv_class)
      # cfunc codegen generated code. Terminate the block so
      # there isn't multiple calls in the same block.
      jump_to_next_insn(jit, ctx, asm)
      return EndBlock
    end
  end

  # We will not have side exits from here. Adjust the stack.
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_OPT_SEND != 0
    jit_call_opt_send_shift_stack(ctx, asm, argc, send_shift:)
  end

  # Check interrupts before SP motion to safely side-exit with the original SP.
  jit_check_ints(jit, ctx, asm)

  # Save caller SP and PC before pushing a callee frame for backtrace and side exits
  asm.comment('save SP to caller CFP')
  sp_index = -(1 + argc + (flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG != 0 ? 1 : 0)) # Pop receiver and arguments for side exits. blockarg is not popped yet
  asm.lea(SP, ctx.sp_opnd(C.VALUE.size * sp_index))
  asm.mov([CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:sp)], SP)
  ctx.sp_offset = -sp_index
  jit_save_pc(jit, asm, comment: 'save PC to caller CFP')

  # Push a callee frame. SP register and ctx are not modified inside this.
  jit_push_frame(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, frame_type, block_handler)

  asm.comment('call C function')
  case cfunc.argc
  in (0..) # Non-variadic method
    # Push receiver and args
    (1 + argc).times do |i|
      asm.mov(C_ARGS[i], ctx.stack_opnd(argc - i)) # TODO: +1 for VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG
    end
  in -1 # Variadic method: rb_f_puts(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], argc)
    asm.lea(C_ARGS[1], ctx.stack_opnd(argc - 1)) # argv
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[2], ctx.stack_opnd(argc)) # recv
  end
  asm.mov(:rax, cfunc.func)
  asm.call(:rax) # TODO: use rel32 if close enough
  ctx.stack_pop(1 + argc)

  Invariants.record_global_inval_patch(asm, full_cfunc_return)

  asm.comment('push the return value')
  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_ret, C_RET)

  asm.comment('pop the stack frame')
  asm.mov([EC, C.rb_execution_context_t.offsetof(:cfp)], CFP)

  # Let guard chains share the same successor (ctx.sp_offset == 1)
  assert_equal(1, ctx.sp_offset)
  jump_to_next_insn(jit, ctx, asm)
  EndBlock
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3939
def jit_call_general(jit, ctx, asm, mid, argc, flags, cme, block_handler, known_recv_class)
  jit_call_method(jit, ctx, asm, mid, argc, flags, cme, block_handler, known_recv_class)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4035
def jit_call_iseq_setup(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, iseq, block_handler, send_shift:, frame_type: nil, prev_ep: nil)
  opt_pc = jit_callee_setup_arg(jit, ctx, asm, flags, argc, iseq)
  if opt_pc == CantCompile
    return CantCompile
  end

  if flags & C::VM_CALL_TAILCALL != 0
    # We don't support vm_call_iseq_setup_tailcall
    asm.incr_counter(:send_tailcall)
    return CantCompile
  end
  jit_call_iseq_setup_normal(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, iseq, block_handler, opt_pc, send_shift:, frame_type:, prev_ep:)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4053
def jit_call_iseq_setup_normal(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, iseq, block_handler, opt_pc, send_shift:, frame_type:, prev_ep: nil)
  # We will not have side exits from here. Adjust the stack.
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_OPT_SEND != 0
    jit_call_opt_send_shift_stack(ctx, asm, argc, send_shift:)
  end

  # Save caller SP and PC before pushing a callee frame for backtrace and side exits
  asm.comment('save SP to caller CFP')
  recv_idx = argc + (flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG != 0 ? 1 : 0) # blockarg is not popped yet
  recv_idx += (block_handler == :captured) ? 0 : 1 # receiver is not on stack when captured->self is used
  # Skip setting this to SP register. This cfp->sp will be copied to SP on leave insn.
  asm.lea(:rax, ctx.sp_opnd(C.VALUE.size * -recv_idx)) # Pop receiver and arguments to prepare for side exits
  asm.mov([CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:sp)], :rax)
  jit_save_pc(jit, asm, comment: 'save PC to caller CFP')

  frame_type ||= C::VM_FRAME_MAGIC_METHOD | C::VM_ENV_FLAG_LOCAL
  jit_push_frame(
    jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, frame_type, block_handler,
    iseq:       iseq,
    local_size: iseq.body.local_table_size - iseq.body.param.size,
    stack_max:  iseq.body.stack_max,
    prev_ep:,
  )

  # Jump to a stub for the callee ISEQ
  callee_ctx = Context.new
  pc = (iseq.body.iseq_encoded + opt_pc).to_i
  jit_direct_jump(iseq, pc, callee_ctx, asm)

  EndBlock
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4198
def jit_call_ivar(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, comptime_recv, recv_opnd, send_shift:)
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_ivar_splat)
    return CantCompile
  end

  if argc != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_arity)
    return CantCompile
  end

  # We don't support jit_call_opt_send_shift_stack for this yet.
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_OPT_SEND != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_ivar_opt_send)
    return CantCompile
  end

  ivar_id = cme.def.body.attr.id

  # Not handling block_handler
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_ivar_blockarg)
    return CantCompile
  end

  jit_getivar(jit, ctx, asm, comptime_recv, ivar_id, recv_opnd)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3948
def jit_call_method(jit, ctx, asm, mid, argc, flags, cme, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift: 0)
  # The main check of vm_call_method before vm_call_method_each_type
  case C::METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(cme)
  in C::METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC
    # You can always call public methods
  in C::METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE
    # Allow only callsites without a receiver
    if flags & C::VM_CALL_FCALL == 0
      asm.incr_counter(:send_private)
      return CantCompile
    end
  in C::METHOD_VISI_PROTECTED
    # If the method call is an FCALL, it is always valid
    if flags & C::VM_CALL_FCALL == 0
      # otherwise we need an ancestry check to ensure the receiver is valid to be called as protected
      jit_protected_callee_ancestry_guard(asm, cme, side_exit(jit, ctx))
    end
  end

  # Get a compile-time receiver
  recv_idx = argc + (flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG != 0 ? 1 : 0) # blockarg is not popped yet
  recv_idx += send_shift
  comptime_recv = jit.peek_at_stack(recv_idx)
  recv_opnd = ctx.stack_opnd(recv_idx)

  jit_call_method_each_type(jit, ctx, asm, argc, flags, cme, comptime_recv, recv_opnd, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3995
def jit_call_method_each_type(jit, ctx, asm, argc, flags, cme, comptime_recv, recv_opnd, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  case cme.def.type
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ
    iseq = def_iseq_ptr(cme.def)
    jit_call_iseq_setup(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, iseq, block_handler, send_shift:)
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED
    asm.incr_counter(:send_notimplemented)
    return CantCompile
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC
    jit_call_cfunc(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET
    asm.incr_counter(:send_attrset)
    return CantCompile
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_IVAR
    jit_call_ivar(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, comptime_recv, recv_opnd, send_shift:)
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_MISSING
    asm.incr_counter(:send_missing)
    return CantCompile
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD
    jit_call_bmethod(jit, ctx, asm, argc, flags, cme, comptime_recv, recv_opnd, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS
    jit_call_alias(jit, ctx, asm, argc, flags, cme, comptime_recv, recv_opnd, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED
    jit_call_optimized(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF
    asm.incr_counter(:send_undef)
    return CantCompile
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_ZSUPER
    asm.incr_counter(:send_zsuper)
    return CantCompile
  in C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED
    asm.incr_counter(:send_refined)
    return CantCompile
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4331
def jit_call_opt_call(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  if block_handler != C::VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_call_block)
    return CantCompile
  end

  if flags & C::VM_CALL_KWARG != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_call_kwarg)
    return CantCompile
  end

  if flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_call_splat)
    return CantCompile
  end

  # TODO: implement this
  # Optimize for single ractor mode and avoid runtime check for
  # "defined with an un-shareable Proc in a different Ractor"
  # if !assume_single_ractor_mode(jit, ocb)
  #   return CantCompile
  # end

  # If this is a .send call we need to adjust the stack
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_OPT_SEND != 0
    jit_call_opt_send_shift_stack(ctx, asm, argc, send_shift:)
  end

  # About to reset the SP, need to load this here
  recv_idx = argc # blockarg is not supported. send_shift is already handled.
  asm.mov(:rcx, ctx.stack_opnd(recv_idx)) # recv

  # Save the PC and SP because the callee can make Ruby calls
  jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm) # NOTE: clobbers rax

  asm.lea(:rax, ctx.sp_opnd(0)) # sp

  kw_splat = flags & C::VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT

  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], :rcx)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], EC)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[2], argc)
  asm.lea(C_ARGS[3], [:rax, -argc * C.VALUE.size]) # stack_argument_pointer. NOTE: C_ARGS[3] is rcx
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[4], kw_splat)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[5], C::VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE)
  asm.call(C.rjit_optimized_call)

  ctx.stack_pop(argc + 1)

  stack_ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_ret, C_RET)
  return KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4303
def jit_call_opt_send(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  if jit_caller_setup_arg(jit, ctx, asm, flags) == CantCompile
    return CantCompile
  end

  if argc == 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_send_no_args)
    return CantCompile
  end

  argc -= 1
  # We aren't handling `send(:send, ...)` yet. This might work, but not tested yet.
  if send_shift > 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_send_send)
    return CantCompile
  end
  # Ideally, we want to shift the stack here, but it's not safe until you reach the point
  # where you never exit. `send_shift` signals to lazily shift the stack by this amount.
  send_shift += 1

  kw_splat = flags & C::VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT != 0
  jit_call_symbol(jit, ctx, asm, cme, C::VM_CALL_FCALL, argc, kw_splat, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4431
def jit_call_opt_send_shift_stack(ctx, asm, argc, send_shift:)
  # We don't support `send(:send, ...)` for now.
  assert_equal(1, send_shift)

  asm.comment('shift stack')
  (0...argc).reverse_each do |i|
    opnd = ctx.stack_opnd(i)
    opnd2 = ctx.stack_opnd(i + 1)
    asm.mov(:rax, opnd)
    asm.mov(opnd2, :rax)
  end

  ctx.stack_pop(1)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4389
def jit_call_opt_struct_aref(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  if argc != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_struct_aref_error)
    return CantCompile
  end

  off = cme.def.body.optimized.index

  recv_idx = argc # blockarg is not supported
  recv_idx += send_shift
  comptime_recv = jit.peek_at_stack(recv_idx)

  # This is a .send call and we need to adjust the stack
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_OPT_SEND != 0
    jit_call_opt_send_shift_stack(ctx, asm, argc, send_shift:)
  end

  # All structs from the same Struct class should have the same
  # length. So if our comptime_recv is embedded all runtime
  # structs of the same class should be as well, and the same is
  # true of the converse.
  embedded = C::FL_TEST_RAW(comptime_recv, C::RSTRUCT_EMBED_LEN_MASK)

  asm.comment('struct aref')
  asm.mov(:rax, ctx.stack_pop(1)) # recv

  if embedded
    asm.mov(:rax, [:rax, C.RStruct.offsetof(:as, :ary) + (C.VALUE.size * off)])
  else
    asm.mov(:rax, [:rax, C.RStruct.offsetof(:as, :heap, :ptr)])
    asm.mov(:rax, [:rax, C.VALUE.size * off])
  end

  ret = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(ret, :rax)

  jump_to_next_insn(jit, ctx, asm)
  EndBlock
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4276
def jit_call_optimized(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG != 0
    # Not working yet
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_blockarg)
    return CantCompile
  end

  case cme.def.body.optimized.type
  in C::OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_SEND
    jit_call_opt_send(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  in C::OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_CALL
    jit_call_opt_call(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  in C::OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_BLOCK_CALL
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_block_call)
    return CantCompile
  in C::OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_STRUCT_AREF
    jit_call_opt_struct_aref(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  in C::OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_STRUCT_ASET
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_struct_aset)
    return CantCompile
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4450
def jit_call_symbol(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, kw_splat, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  flags |= C::VM_CALL_OPT_SEND | (kw_splat ? C::VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT : 0)

  comptime_symbol = jit.peek_at_stack(argc)
  if comptime_symbol.class != String && !static_symbol?(comptime_symbol)
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_send_not_sym_or_str)
    return CantCompile
  end

  mid = C.get_symbol_id(comptime_symbol)
  if mid == 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_optimized_send_null_mid)
    return CantCompile
  end

  asm.comment("Guard #{comptime_symbol.inspect} is on stack")
  class_changed_exit = counted_exit(side_exit(jit, ctx), :send_optimized_send_mid_class_changed)
  jit_guard_known_klass(jit, ctx, asm, C.rb_class_of(comptime_symbol), ctx.stack_opnd(argc), comptime_symbol, class_changed_exit)
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], ctx.stack_opnd(argc))
  asm.call(C.rb_get_symbol_id)
  asm.cmp(C_RET, mid)
  id_changed_exit = counted_exit(side_exit(jit, ctx), :send_optimized_send_mid_id_changed)
  jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, id_changed_exit)

  # rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements
  cme, _ = jit_search_method(jit, ctx, asm, mid, argc, flags, send_shift:)
  if cme == CantCompile
    return CantCompile
  end

  if flags & C::VM_CALL_FCALL != 0
    return jit_call_method(jit, ctx, asm, mid, argc, flags, cme, block_handler, known_recv_class, send_shift:)
  end

  raise NotImplementedError # unreachable for now
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4620
def jit_callee_setup_arg(jit, ctx, asm, flags, argc, iseq)
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT == 0
    if C.rb_simple_iseq_p(iseq)
      if jit_caller_setup_arg(jit, ctx, asm, flags) == CantCompile
        return CantCompile
      end
      if jit_caller_remove_empty_kw_splat(jit, ctx, asm, flags) == CantCompile
        return CantCompile
      end

      if argc != iseq.body.param.lead_num
        # argument_arity_error
        return CantCompile
      end

      return 0
    elsif C.rb_iseq_only_optparam_p(iseq)
      if jit_caller_setup_arg(jit, ctx, asm, flags) == CantCompile
        return CantCompile
      end
      if jit_caller_remove_empty_kw_splat(jit, ctx, asm, flags) == CantCompile
        return CantCompile
      end

      lead_num = iseq.body.param.lead_num
      opt_num = iseq.body.param.opt_num
      opt = argc - lead_num

      if opt < 0 || opt > opt_num
        asm.incr_counter(:send_arity)
        return CantCompile
      end

      # Qnil push is handled in jit_push_frame

      return iseq.body.param.opt_table[opt]
    elsif C.rb_iseq_only_kwparam_p(iseq) && (flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) == 0
      asm.incr_counter(:send_iseq_kwparam)
      return CantCompile
    end
  end

  return jit_setup_parameters_complex(jit, ctx, asm, flags, argc, iseq)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4669
def jit_callee_setup_block_arg(jit, ctx, asm, calling, iseq, arg_setup_type:)
  if C.rb_simple_iseq_p(iseq)
    if jit_caller_setup_arg(jit, ctx, asm, calling.flags) == CantCompile
      return CantCompile
    end

    if arg_setup_type == :arg_setup_block &&
        calling.argc == 1 &&
        iseq.body.param.flags.has_lead &&
        !iseq.body.param.flags.ambiguous_param0
      asm.incr_counter(:invokeblock_iseq_arg0_splat)
      return CantCompile
    end

    if calling.argc != iseq.body.param.lead_num
      if arg_setup_type == :arg_setup_block
        if calling.argc < iseq.body.param.lead_num
          (iseq.body.param.lead_num - calling.argc).times do
            asm.mov(ctx.stack_push, Qnil)
          end
          calling.argc = iseq.body.param.lead_num # fill rest parameters
        elsif calling.argc > iseq.body.param.lead_num
          ctx.stack_pop(calling.argc - iseq.body.param.lead_num)
          calling.argc = iseq.body.param.lead_num # simply truncate arguments
        end
      else # not used yet
        asm.incr_counter(:invokeblock_iseq_arity)
        return CantCompile
      end
    end

    return 0
  else
    return jit_setup_parameters_complex(jit, ctx, asm, calling.flags, calling.argc, iseq, arg_setup_type:)
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4829
def jit_caller_remove_empty_kw_splat(jit, ctx, asm, flags)
  if (flags & C::VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT) > 0
    # We don't support removing the last Hash argument
    asm.incr_counter(:send_kw_splat)
    return CantCompile
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4809
def jit_caller_setup_arg(jit, ctx, asm, flags)
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT != 0 && flags & C::VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_args_splat_kw_splat)
    return CantCompile
  elsif flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_args_splat)
    return CantCompile
  elsif flags & C::VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_args_kw_splat)
    return CantCompile
  elsif flags & C::VM_CALL_KWARG != 0
    asm.incr_counter(:send_kwarg)
    return CantCompile
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3776
def jit_caller_setup_arg_block(jit, ctx, asm, ci, blockiseq, is_super)
  side_exit = side_exit(jit, ctx)
  if C.vm_ci_flag(ci) & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG != 0
    # TODO: Skip cmp + jne using Context?
    block_code = jit.peek_at_stack(0)
    block_opnd = ctx.stack_opnd(0) # to be popped after eliminating side exit possibility
    if block_code.nil?
      asm.cmp(block_opnd, Qnil)
      jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, counted_exit(side_exit, :send_block_not_nil))
      return C::VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE
    elsif C.to_value(block_code) == C.rb_block_param_proxy
      asm.mov(:rax, C.rb_block_param_proxy)
      asm.cmp(block_opnd, :rax)
      jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, counted_exit(side_exit, :send_block_not_proxy))
      return C.rb_block_param_proxy
    else
      asm.incr_counter(:send_blockarg_not_nil_or_proxy)
      return CantCompile
    end
  elsif blockiseq != 0
    return blockiseq
  else
    if is_super
      # GET_BLOCK_HANDLER();
      # Guard no block passed. Only handle that case for now.
      asm.comment('guard no block given')
      jit_get_lep(jit, asm, reg: :rax)
      asm.cmp([:rax, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL], C::VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE)
      asm.jne(counted_exit(side_exit, :send_block_handler))
      return C::VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE
    else
      # Not implemented yet. Is this even necessary?
      asm.incr_counter(:send_block_setup)
      return CantCompile
    end
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3321
def jit_chain_guard(opcode, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit: 20)
  opcode => :je | :jne | :jnz | :jz

  if ctx.chain_depth < limit
    deeper = ctx.dup
    deeper.chain_depth += 1

    branch_stub = BranchStub.new(
      iseq: jit.iseq,
      shape: Default,
      target0: BranchTarget.new(ctx: deeper, pc: jit.pc),
    )
    branch_stub.target0.address = Assembler.new.then do |ocb_asm|
      @exit_compiler.compile_branch_stub(deeper, ocb_asm, branch_stub, true)
      @ocb.write(ocb_asm)
    end
    branch_stub.compile = proc do |branch_asm|
      # Not using `asm.comment` here since it's usually put before cmp/test before this.
      branch_asm.stub(branch_stub) do
        case branch_stub.shape
        in Default
          branch_asm.public_send(opcode, branch_stub.target0.address)
        end
      end
    end
    branch_stub.compile.call(asm)
  else
    asm.public_send(opcode, side_exit)
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3628
def jit_check_ints(jit, ctx, asm)
  asm.comment('RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec)')
  asm.mov(:eax, DwordPtr[EC, C.rb_execution_context_t.offsetof(:interrupt_flag)])
  asm.test(:eax, :eax)
  asm.jnz(side_exit(jit, ctx))
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4899
def jit_direct_jump(iseq, pc, ctx, asm, comment: 'jit_direct_jump')
  branch_stub = BranchStub.new(
    iseq:,
    shape: Default,
    target0: BranchTarget.new(ctx:, pc:),
  )
  branch_stub.target0.address = Assembler.new.then do |ocb_asm|
    @exit_compiler.compile_branch_stub(ctx, ocb_asm, branch_stub, true)
    @ocb.write(ocb_asm)
  end
  branch_stub.compile = proc do |branch_asm|
    branch_asm.comment(comment)
    branch_asm.stub(branch_stub) do
      case branch_stub.shape
      in Default
        branch_asm.jmp(branch_stub.target0.address)
      in Next0
        # Just write the block without a jump
      end
    end
  end
  branch_stub.compile.call(asm)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3495
def jit_equality_specialized(jit, ctx, asm, gen_eq)
  # Create a side-exit to fall back to the interpreter
  side_exit = side_exit(jit, ctx)

  a_opnd = ctx.stack_opnd(1)
  b_opnd = ctx.stack_opnd(0)

  comptime_a = jit.peek_at_stack(1)
  comptime_b = jit.peek_at_stack(0)

  if two_fixnums_on_stack?(jit)
    unless Invariants.assume_bop_not_redefined(jit, C::INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG, C::BOP_EQ)
      return false
    end

    guard_two_fixnums(jit, ctx, asm, side_exit)

    asm.comment('check fixnum equality')
    asm.mov(:rax, a_opnd)
    asm.mov(:rcx, b_opnd)
    asm.cmp(:rax, :rcx)
    asm.mov(:rax, gen_eq ? Qfalse : Qtrue)
    asm.mov(:rcx, gen_eq ? Qtrue  : Qfalse)
    asm.cmove(:rax, :rcx)

    # Push the output on the stack
    ctx.stack_pop(2)
    dst = ctx.stack_push
    asm.mov(dst, :rax)

    true
  elsif C.rb_class_of(comptime_a) == String && C.rb_class_of(comptime_b) == String
    unless Invariants.assume_bop_not_redefined(jit, C::STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG, C::BOP_EQ)
      # if overridden, emit the generic version
      return false
    end

    # Guard that a is a String
    jit_guard_known_klass(jit, ctx, asm, C.rb_class_of(comptime_a), a_opnd, comptime_a, side_exit)

    equal_label = asm.new_label(:equal)
    ret_label = asm.new_label(:ret)

    # If they are equal by identity, return true
    asm.mov(:rax, a_opnd)
    asm.mov(:rcx, b_opnd)
    asm.cmp(:rax, :rcx)
    asm.je(equal_label)

    # Otherwise guard that b is a T_STRING (from type info) or String (from runtime guard)
    # Note: any T_STRING is valid here, but we check for a ::String for simplicity
    # To pass a mutable static variable (rb_cString) requires an unsafe block
    jit_guard_known_klass(jit, ctx, asm, C.rb_class_of(comptime_b), b_opnd, comptime_b, side_exit)

    asm.comment('call rb_str_eql_internal')
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], a_opnd)
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], b_opnd)
    asm.call(gen_eq ? C.rb_str_eql_internal : C.rjit_str_neq_internal)

    # Push the output on the stack
    ctx.stack_pop(2)
    dst = ctx.stack_push
    asm.mov(dst, C_RET)
    asm.jmp(ret_label)

    asm.write_label(equal_label)
    asm.mov(dst, gen_eq ? Qtrue : Qfalse)

    asm.write_label(ret_label)

    true
  else
    false
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3447
def jit_fixnum_cmp(jit, ctx, asm, opcode:, bop:)
  opcode => :cmovl | :cmovle | :cmovg | :cmovge

  unless jit.at_current_insn?
    defer_compilation(jit, ctx, asm)
    return EndBlock
  end

  comptime_recv = jit.peek_at_stack(1)
  comptime_obj  = jit.peek_at_stack(0)

  if fixnum?(comptime_recv) && fixnum?(comptime_obj)
    # Generate a side exit before popping operands
    side_exit = side_exit(jit, ctx)

    unless Invariants.assume_bop_not_redefined(jit, C::INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG, bop)
      return CantCompile
    end

    obj_opnd  = ctx.stack_pop
    recv_opnd = ctx.stack_pop

    asm.comment('guard recv is fixnum') # TODO: skip this with type information
    asm.test(recv_opnd, C::RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG)
    asm.jz(side_exit)

    asm.comment('guard obj is fixnum') # TODO: skip this with type information
    asm.test(obj_opnd, C::RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG)
    asm.jz(side_exit)

    asm.mov(:rax, obj_opnd)
    asm.cmp(recv_opnd, :rax)
    asm.mov(:rax, Qfalse)
    asm.mov(:rcx, Qtrue)
    asm.public_send(opcode, :rax, :rcx)

    dst_opnd = ctx.stack_push
    asm.mov(dst_opnd, :rax)

    KeepCompiling
  else
    opt_send_without_block(jit, ctx, asm)
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3655
def jit_get_ep(asm, level, reg:)
  asm.mov(reg, [CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:ep)])
  level.times do
    # GET_PREV_EP: ep[VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL] & ~0x03
    asm.mov(reg, [reg, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL])
    asm.and(reg, ~0x03)
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3648
def jit_get_lep(jit, asm, reg:)
  level = get_lvar_level(jit.iseq)
  jit_get_ep(asm, level, reg:)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3668
def jit_getivar(jit, ctx, asm, comptime_obj, ivar_id, obj_opnd = nil)
  side_exit = side_exit(jit, ctx)
  starting_ctx = ctx.dup # copy for jit_chain_guard

  # Guard not special const
  if C::SPECIAL_CONST_P(comptime_obj)
    asm.incr_counter(:getivar_special_const)
    return CantCompile
  end

  case C::BUILTIN_TYPE(comptime_obj)
  when C::T_OBJECT
    # This is the only supported case for now (ROBJECT_IVPTR)
  else
    # General case. Call rb_ivar_get().
    # VALUE rb_ivar_get(VALUE obj, ID id)
    asm.comment('call rb_ivar_get()')
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], obj_opnd ? obj_opnd : [CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:self)])
    asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], ivar_id)

    # The function could raise exceptions.
    jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm) # clobbers obj_opnd and :rax

    asm.call(C.rb_ivar_get)

    if obj_opnd # attr_reader
      ctx.stack_pop
    end

    # Push the ivar on the stack
    out_opnd = ctx.stack_push
    asm.mov(out_opnd, C_RET)

    # Jump to next instruction. This allows guard chains to share the same successor.
    jump_to_next_insn(jit, ctx, asm)
    return EndBlock
  end

  asm.mov(:rax, obj_opnd ? obj_opnd : [CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:self)])
  guard_object_is_heap(asm, :rax, counted_exit(side_exit, :getivar_not_heap))

  shape_id = C.rb_shape_get_shape_id(comptime_obj)
  if shape_id == C::OBJ_TOO_COMPLEX_SHAPE_ID
    asm.incr_counter(:getivar_too_complex)
    return CantCompile
  end

  asm.comment('guard shape')
  asm.cmp(DwordPtr[:rax, C.rb_shape_id_offset], shape_id)
  jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, starting_ctx, asm, counted_exit(side_exit, :getivar_megamorphic))

  index = C.rb_shape_get_iv_index(shape_id, ivar_id)
  if index
    asm.comment('ROBJECT_IVPTR')
    if C::FL_TEST_RAW(comptime_obj, C::ROBJECT_EMBED)
      # Access embedded array
      asm.mov(:rax, [:rax, C.RObject.offsetof(:as, :ary) + (index * C.VALUE.size)])
    else
      # Pull out an ivar table on heap
      asm.mov(:rax, [:rax, C.RObject.offsetof(:as, :heap, :ivptr)])
      # Read the table
      asm.mov(:rax, [:rax, index * C.VALUE.size])
    end
    val_opnd = :rax
  else
    val_opnd = Qnil
  end

  if obj_opnd
    ctx.stack_pop # pop receiver for attr_reader
  end
  stack_opnd = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_opnd, val_opnd)

  # Let guard chains share the same successor
  jump_to_next_insn(jit, ctx, asm)
  EndBlock
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3219
def jit_getlocal_generic(jit, ctx, asm, idx:, level:)
  # Load environment pointer EP at level
  ep_reg = :rax
  jit_get_ep(asm, level, reg: ep_reg)

  # Get a local variable
  asm.mov(:rax, [ep_reg, -idx * C.VALUE.size])

  # Push it to the stack
  stack_top = ctx.stack_push
  asm.mov(stack_top, :rax)
  KeepCompiling
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3355
def jit_guard_known_klass(jit, ctx, asm, known_klass, obj_opnd, comptime_obj, side_exit, limit: 10)
  # Only memory operand is supported for now
  assert_equal(true, obj_opnd.is_a?(Array))

  # Touching this as Ruby could crash for FrozenCore
  known_klass = C.to_value(known_klass)
  if known_klass == C.rb_cNilClass
    asm.comment('guard object is nil')
    asm.cmp(obj_opnd, Qnil)
    jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit:)
  elsif known_klass == C.rb_cTrueClass
    asm.comment('guard object is true')
    asm.cmp(obj_opnd, Qtrue)
    jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit:)
  elsif known_klass == C.rb_cFalseClass
    asm.comment('guard object is false')
    asm.cmp(obj_opnd, Qfalse)
    jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit:)
  elsif known_klass == C.rb_cInteger && fixnum?(comptime_obj)
    asm.comment('guard object is fixnum')
    asm.test(obj_opnd, C::RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG)
    jit_chain_guard(:jz, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit:)
  elsif known_klass == C.rb_cSymbol && static_symbol?(comptime_obj)
    # We will guard STATIC vs DYNAMIC as though they were separate classes
    # DYNAMIC symbols can be handled by the general else case below
    asm.comment('guard object is static symbol')
    assert_equal(8, C::RUBY_SPECIAL_SHIFT)
    asm.cmp(BytePtr[*obj_opnd], C::RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG)
    jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit:)
  elsif known_klass == C.rb_cFloat && flonum?(comptime_obj)
    # We will guard flonum vs heap float as though they were separate classes
    asm.comment('guard object is flonum')
    asm.mov(:rax, obj_opnd)
    asm.and(:rax, C::RUBY_FLONUM_MASK)
    asm.cmp(:rax, C::RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG)
    jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit:)
  elsif C.FL_TEST(known_klass, C::RUBY_FL_SINGLETON) && comptime_obj == C.rb_class_attached_object(known_klass)
    asm.comment('guard known object with singleton class')
    asm.mov(:rax, to_value(comptime_obj))
    asm.cmp(obj_opnd, :rax)
    jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit:)
  else
    # Load memory to a register
    asm.mov(:rax, obj_opnd)
    obj_opnd = :rax

    # Check that the receiver is a heap object
    # Note: if we get here, the class doesn't have immediate instances.
    asm.comment('guard not immediate')
    asm.test(obj_opnd, C::RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK)
    jit_chain_guard(:jnz, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit:)
    asm.cmp(obj_opnd, Qfalse)
    jit_chain_guard(:je, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit:)

    # Bail if receiver class is different from known_klass
    klass_opnd = [obj_opnd, C.RBasic.offsetof(:klass)]
    asm.comment("guard known class #{known_klass}")
    asm.mov(:rcx, known_klass)
    asm.cmp(klass_opnd, :rcx)
    jit_chain_guard(:jne, jit, ctx, asm, side_exit, limit:)
  end
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3025
def jit_obj_respond_to(jit, ctx, asm, argc, known_recv_class)
  # respond_to(:sym) or respond_to(:sym, true)
  if argc != 1 && argc != 2
    return false
  end

  if known_recv_class.nil?
    return false
  end

  recv_class = known_recv_class

  # Get the method_id from compile time. We will later add a guard against it.
  mid_sym = jit.peek_at_stack(argc - 1)
  unless static_symbol?(mid_sym)
    return false
  end
  mid = C.rb_sym2id(mid_sym)

  target_cme = C.rb_callable_method_entry_or_negative(recv_class, mid)

  # Should never be null, as in that case we will be returned a "negative CME"
  assert_equal(false, target_cme.nil?)

  cme_def_type =
    if C.UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(target_cme)
      C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF
    else
      target_cme.def.type
    end

  if cme_def_type == C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED
    return false
  end

  visibility = if cme_def_type == C::VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF
    C::METHOD_VISI_UNDEF
  else
    C.METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(target_cme)
  end

  result =
    case visibility
    in C::METHOD_VISI_UNDEF
      Qfalse # No method => false
    in C::METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC
      Qtrue # Public method => true regardless of include_all
    else
      return false # not public and include_all not known, can't compile
    end

  if result != Qtrue
    # Only if respond_to_missing? hasn't been overridden
    # In the future, we might want to jit the call to respond_to_missing?
    unless Invariants.assume_method_basic_definition(jit, recv_class, C.idRespond_to_missing)
      return false
    end
  end

  # Invalidate this block if method lookup changes for the method being queried. This works
  # both for the case where a method does or does not exist, as for the latter we asked for a
  # "negative CME" earlier.
  Invariants.assume_method_lookup_stable(jit, target_cme)

  # Generate a side exit
  side_exit = side_exit(jit, ctx)

  if argc == 2
    # pop include_all argument (we only use its type info)
    ctx.stack_pop(1)
  end

  sym_opnd = ctx.stack_pop(1)
  _recv_opnd = ctx.stack_pop(1)

  # This is necessary because we have no guarantee that sym_opnd is a constant
  asm.comment('guard known mid')
  asm.mov(:rax, to_value(mid_sym))
  asm.cmp(sym_opnd, :rax)
  asm.jne(side_exit)

  putobject(jit, ctx, asm, val: result)

  true
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3575
def jit_prepare_routine_call(jit, ctx, asm)
  jit.record_boundary_patch_point = true
  jit_save_pc(jit, asm)
  jit_save_sp(ctx, asm)
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 3978
def jit_protected_callee_ancestry_guard(asm, cme, side_exit)
  # See vm_call_method().
  def_class = cme.defined_class
  # Note: PC isn't written to current control frame as rb_is_kind_of() shouldn't raise.
  # VALUE rb_obj_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, VALUE klass);

  asm.mov(C_ARGS[0], [CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:self)])
  asm.mov(C_ARGS[1], to_value(def_class))
  asm.call(C.rb_obj_is_kind_of)
  asm.test(C_RET, C_RET)
  asm.jz(counted_exit(side_exit, :send_protected_check_failed))
end

# File lib/ruby_vm/rjit/insn_compiler.rb, line 4495
def jit_push_frame(jit, ctx, asm, cme, flags, argc, frame_type, block_handler, iseq: nil, local_size: 0, stack_max: 0, prev_ep: nil)
  # CHECK_VM_STACK_OVERFLOW0: next_cfp <= sp + (local_size + stack_max)
  asm.comment('stack overflow check')
  asm.lea(:rax, ctx.sp_opnd(C.rb_control_frame_t.size + C.VALUE.size * (local_size + stack_max)))
  asm.cmp(CFP, :rax)
  asm.jbe(counted_exit(side_exit(jit, ctx), :send_stackoverflow))

  # Pop blockarg after all side exits
  if flags & C::VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG != 0
    ctx.stack_pop(1)
  end

  if iseq
    # This was not handled in jit_callee_setup_arg
    opts_filled = argc - iseq.body.param.lead_num # TODO: kwarg
    opts_missing = iseq.body.param.opt_num - opts_filled
    local_size += opts_missing
  end
  local_size.times do |i|
    asm.comment('set local variables') if i == 0
    local_index = ctx.sp_offset + i
    asm.mov([SP, C.VALUE.size * local_index], Qnil)
  end

  asm.comment('set up EP with managing data')
  ep_offset = ctx.sp_offset + local_size + 2
  # ep[-2]: cref_or_me
  asm.mov(:rax, cme.to_i)
  asm.mov([SP, C.VALUE.size * (ep_offset - 2)], :rax)
  # ep[-1]: block handler or prev env ptr (specval)
  if prev_ep
    asm.mov(:rax, prev_ep.to_i | 1) # tagged prev ep
    asm.mov([SP, C.VALUE.size * (ep_offset - 1)], :rax)
  elsif block_handler == :captured
    # Set captured->ep, saving captured in :rcx for captured->self
    ep_reg = :rcx
    jit_get_lep(jit, asm, reg: ep_reg)
    asm.mov(:rcx, [ep_reg, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL]) # block_handler
    asm.and(:rcx, ~0x3) # captured
    asm.mov(:rax, [:rcx, C.VALUE.size]) # captured->ep
    asm.or(:rax, 0x1) # GC_GUARDED_PTR
    asm.mov([SP, C.VALUE.size * (ep_offset - 1)], :rax)
  elsif block_handler == C::VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE
    asm.mov([SP, C.VALUE.size * (ep_offset - 1)], C::VM_BLOCK_HANDLER_NONE)
  elsif block_handler == C.rb_block_param_proxy
    # vm_caller_setup_arg_block: block_code == rb_block_param_proxy
    jit_get_lep(jit, asm, reg: :rax) # VM_CF_BLOCK_HANDLER: VM_CF_LEP
    asm.mov(:rax, [:rax, C.VALUE.size * C::VM_ENV_DATA_INDEX_SPECVAL]) # VM_CF_BLOCK_HANDLER: VM_ENV_BLOCK_HANDLER
    asm.mov([CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:block_code)], :rax) # reg_cfp->block_code = handler
    asm.mov([SP, C.VALUE.size * (ep_offset - 1)], :rax) # return handler;
  else # assume blockiseq
    asm.mov(:rax, block_handler)
    asm.mov([CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:block_code)], :rax)
    asm.lea(:rax, [CFP, C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:self)]) # VM_CFP_TO_CAPTURED_BLOCK
    asm.or(:rax, 1) # VM_BH_FROM_ISEQ_BLOCK
    asm.mov([SP, C.VALUE.size * (ep_offset - 1)], :rax)
  end
  # ep[-0]: ENV_FLAGS
  asm.mov([SP, C.VALUE.size * (ep_offset - 0)], frame_type)

  asm.comment('set up new frame')
  cfp_offset = -C.rb_control_frame_t.size # callee CFP
  # For ISEQ, JIT code will set it as needed. However, C func needs 0 there for svar frame detection.
  if iseq.nil?
    asm.mov([CFP, cfp_offset + C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:pc)], 0)
  end
  asm.mov(:rax, iseq.to_i)
  asm.mov([CFP, cfp_offset + C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:iseq)], :rax)
  if block_handler == :captured
    asm.mov(:rax, [:rcx]) # captured->self
  else
    self_index = ctx.sp_offset - (1 + argc) # blockarg has been popped
    asm.mov(:rax, [SP, C.VALUE.size * self_index])
  end
  asm.mov([CFP, cfp_offset + C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:self)], :rax)
  asm.lea(:rax, [SP, C.VALUE.size * ep_offset])
  asm.mov([CFP, cfp_offset + C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:ep)], :rax)
  asm.mov([CFP, cfp_offset + C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:block_code)], 0)
  # Update SP register only for ISEQ calls. SP-relative operations should be done above this.
  sp_reg = iseq ? SP : :rax
  asm.lea(sp_reg, [SP, C.VALUE.size * (ctx.sp_offset + local_size + 3)])
  asm.mov([CFP, cfp_offset + C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:sp)], sp_reg)
  asm.mov([CFP, cfp_offset + C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:__bp__)], sp_reg) # TODO: get rid of this!!

  # cfp->jit_return is used only for ISEQs
  if iseq
    # Stub cfp->jit_return
    return_ctx = ctx.dup
    return_ctx.stack_size -= argc + ((block_handler == :captured) ? 0 : 1) # Pop args and receiver. blockarg has been popped
    return_ctx.stack_size += 1 # push callee's return value
    return_ctx.sp_offset = 1 # SP is in the position after popping a receiver and arguments
    return_ctx.chain_depth = 0
    branch_stub = BranchStub.new(
      iseq: jit.iseq,
      shape: Default,
      target0: BranchTarget.new(ctx: return_ctx, pc: jit.pc + jit.insn.len * C.VALUE.size),
    )
    branch_stub.target0.address = Assembler.new.then do |ocb_asm|
      @exit_compiler.compile_branch_stub(return_ctx, ocb_asm, branch_stub, true)
      @ocb.write(ocb_asm)
    end
    branch_stub.compile = proc do |branch_asm|
      branch_asm.comment('set jit_return to callee CFP')
      branch_asm.stub(branch_stub) do
        case branch_stub.shape
        in Default
          branch_asm.mov(:rax, branch_stub.target0.address)
          branch_asm.mov([CFP, cfp_offset + C.rb_control_frame_t.offsetof(:jit_return)], :rax)
        end
      end
    end
    branch_stub.compile.call(asm)
  end

  asm.comment('switch to callee CFP')
  # Update CFP register only for ISEQ calls
  cfp_reg = iseq ? CFP : :rax
  asm.lea(cfp_reg, [CFP, cfp_offset])
  asm.mov([EC, C.rb_execution_context_t.offsetof(:cfp)], cfp_reg)
end