module RubyVM::RJIT

SystemV x64 calling convention

Callee-saved registers TODO: support using r12/r13 here

Mark objects in this Array during GC

Compilation status

Maximum number of local variable types we keep track of

Maximum number of temp value types we keep track of

Maximum number of versions per block 1 means always create generic versions

Potential mapping of a value on the temporary stack to self, a local variable, or constant so that we can track its type

Branch shapes

Ruby constants

An Array is an ordered, integer-indexed collection of objects, called elements. Any object (even another array) may be an array element, and an array can contain objects of different types.

Array Indexes¶ ↑

Array indexing starts at 0, as in C or Java.

A positive index is an offset from the first element:

• Index 0 indicates the first element.

• Index 1 indicates the second element.

• …

A negative index is an offset, backwards, from the end of the array:

• Index -1 indicates the last element.

• Index -2 indicates the next-to-last element.

• …

A non-negative index is in range if and only if it is smaller than the size of the array. For a 3-element array:

• Indexes 0 through 2 are in range.

• Index 3 is out of range.

A negative index is in range if and only if its absolute value is not larger than the size of the array. For a 3-element array:

• Indexes -1 through -3 are in range.

• Index -4 is out of range.

Although the effective index into an array is always an integer, some methods (both within and outside of class Array) accept one or more non-integer arguments that are integer-convertible objects.

Creating Arrays¶ ↑

You can create an Array object explicitly with:

• An array literal:

  [1, 'one', :one, [2, 'two', :two]]
  

• A array literal:

  %w[foo bar baz] # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
  %w[1 % *]       # => ["1", "%", "*"]
  

• A array literal:

  %i[foo bar baz] # => [:foo, :bar, :baz]
  %i[1 % *]       # => [:"1", :%, :*]
  

• Method Kernel#Array:

  Array(["a", "b"])             # => ["a", "b"]
  Array(1..5)                   # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  Array(key: :value)            # => [[:key, :value]]
  Array(nil)                    # => []
  Array(1)                      # => [1]
  Array({:a => "a", :b => "b"}) # => [[:a, "a"], [:b, "b"]]
  

• Method Array.new:

  Array.new               # => []
  Array.new(3)            # => [nil, nil, nil]
  Array.new(4) {Hash.new} # => [{}, {}, {}, {}]
  Array.new(3, true)      # => [true, true, true]
  

  Note that the last example above populates the array with references to the same object. This is recommended only in cases where that object is a natively immutable object such as a symbol, a numeric, nil, true, or false.

  Another way to create an array with various objects, using a block; this usage is safe for mutable objects such as hashes, strings or other arrays:

  Array.new(4) {|i| i.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "2", "3"]
  

  Here is a way to create a multi-dimensional array:

  Array.new(3) {Array.new(3)}
  # => [[nil, nil, nil], [nil, nil, nil], [nil, nil, nil]]
  

A number of Ruby methods, both in the core and in the standard library, provide instance method to_a, which converts an object to an array.

• ARGF#to_a

• Array#to_a

• Enumerable#to_a

• Hash#to_a

• MatchData#to_a

• NilClass#to_a

• OptionParser#to_a

• Range#to_a

• Set#to_a

• Struct#to_a

• Time#to_a

• Benchmark::Tms#to_a

• CSV::Table#to_a

• Enumerator::Lazy#to_a

• Gem::List#to_a

• Gem::NameTuple#to_a

• Gem::Platform#to_a

• Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Tokenizer#to_a

• Gem::SourceList#to_a

• OpenSSL::X509::Extension#to_a

• OpenSSL::X509::Name#to_a

• Racc::ISet#to_a

• Rinda::RingFinger#to_a

• Ripper::Lexer::Elem#to_a

• RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_a

• YAML::DBM#to_a

Example Usage¶ ↑

In addition to the methods it mixes in through the Enumerable module, the Array class has proprietary methods for accessing, searching and otherwise manipulating arrays.

Some of the more common ones are illustrated below.

Accessing Elements¶ ↑

Elements in an array can be retrieved using the Array#[] method. It can take a single integer argument (a numeric index), a pair of arguments (start and length) or a range. Negative indices start counting from the end, with -1 being the last element.

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr[2]    #=> 3
arr[100]  #=> nil
arr[-3]   #=> 4
arr[2, 3] #=> [3, 4, 5]
arr[1..4] #=> [2, 3, 4, 5]
arr[1..-3] #=> [2, 3, 4]

Another way to access a particular array element is by using the at method

arr.at(0) #=> 1

The slice method works in an identical manner to Array#[].

To raise an error for indices outside of the array bounds or else to provide a default value when that happens, you can use fetch.

arr = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
arr.fetch(100) #=> IndexError: index 100 outside of array bounds: -6...6
arr.fetch(100, "oops") #=> "oops"

The special methods first and last will return the first and last elements of an array, respectively.

arr.first #=> 1
arr.last  #=> 6

To return the first n elements of an array, use take

arr.take(3) #=> [1, 2, 3]

drop does the opposite of take, by returning the elements after n elements have been dropped:

arr.drop(3) #=> [4, 5, 6]

Obtaining Information about an Array¶ ↑

Arrays keep track of their own length at all times. To query an array about the number of elements it contains, use length, count or size.

browsers = ['Chrome', 'Firefox', 'Safari', 'Opera', 'IE']
browsers.length #=> 5
browsers.count #=> 5

To check whether an array contains any elements at all

browsers.empty? #=> false

To check whether a particular item is included in the array

browsers.include?('Konqueror') #=> false

Adding Items to Arrays¶ ↑

Items can be added to the end of an array by using either push or <<

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
arr.push(5) #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr << 6    #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

unshift will add a new item to the beginning of an array.

arr.unshift(0) #=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

With insert you can add a new element to an array at any position.

arr.insert(3, 'apple')  #=> [0, 1, 2, 'apple', 3, 4, 5, 6]

Using the insert method, you can also insert multiple values at once:

arr.insert(3, 'orange', 'pear', 'grapefruit')
#=> [0, 1, 2, "orange", "pear", "grapefruit", "apple", 3, 4, 5, 6]

Removing Items from an Array¶ ↑

The method pop removes the last element in an array and returns it:

arr =  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr.pop #=> 6
arr #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

To retrieve and at the same time remove the first item, use shift:

arr.shift #=> 1
arr #=> [2, 3, 4, 5]

To delete an element at a particular index:

arr.delete_at(2) #=> 4
arr #=> [2, 3, 5]

To delete a particular element anywhere in an array, use delete:

arr = [1, 2, 2, 3]
arr.delete(2) #=> 2
arr #=> [1,3]

A useful method if you need to remove nil values from an array is compact:

arr = ['foo', 0, nil, 'bar', 7, 'baz', nil]
arr.compact  #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7, 'baz']
arr          #=> ['foo', 0, nil, 'bar', 7, 'baz', nil]
arr.compact! #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7, 'baz']
arr          #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7, 'baz']

Another common need is to remove duplicate elements from an array.

It has the non-destructive uniq, and destructive method uniq!

arr = [2, 5, 6, 556, 6, 6, 8, 9, 0, 123, 556]
arr.uniq #=> [2, 5, 6, 556, 8, 9, 0, 123]

Iterating over Arrays¶ ↑

Like all classes that include the Enumerable module, Array has an each method, which defines what elements should be iterated over and how. In case of Array’s each, all elements in the Array instance are yielded to the supplied block in sequence.

Note that this operation leaves the array unchanged.

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr.each {|a| print a -= 10, " "}
# prints: -9 -8 -7 -6 -5
#=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Another sometimes useful iterator is reverse_each which will iterate over the elements in the array in reverse order.

words = %w[first second third fourth fifth sixth]
str = ""
words.reverse_each {|word| str += "#{word} "}
p str #=> "sixth fifth fourth third second first "

The map method can be used to create a new array based on the original array, but with the values modified by the supplied block:

arr.map {|a| 2*a}     #=> [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
arr                   #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr.map! {|a| a**2}   #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
arr                   #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

Selecting Items from an Array¶ ↑

Elements can be selected from an array according to criteria defined in a block. The selection can happen in a destructive or a non-destructive manner. While the destructive operations will modify the array they were called on, the non-destructive methods usually return a new array with the selected elements, but leave the original array unchanged.

Non-destructive Selection¶ ↑

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr.select {|a| a > 3}       #=> [4, 5, 6]
arr.reject {|a| a < 3}       #=> [3, 4, 5, 6]
arr.drop_while {|a| a < 4}   #=> [4, 5, 6]
arr                          #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Destructive Selection¶ ↑

select! and reject! are the corresponding destructive methods to select and reject

Similar to select vs. reject, delete_if and keep_if have the exact opposite result when supplied with the same block:

arr.delete_if {|a| a < 4}   #=> [4, 5, 6]
arr                         #=> [4, 5, 6]

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr.keep_if {|a| a < 4}   #=> [1, 2, 3]
arr                       #=> [1, 2, 3]

What’s Here¶ ↑

First, what’s elsewhere. Class Array:

• Inherits from class Object.

• Includes module Enumerable, which provides dozens of additional methods.

Here, class Array provides methods that are useful for:

• Creating an Array

• Querying

• Comparing

• Fetching

• Assigning

• Deleting

• Combining

• Iterating

• Converting

• And more.…

Methods for Creating an Array¶ ↑

• ::[]: Returns a new array populated with given objects.

• ::new: Returns a new array.

• ::try_convert: Returns a new array created from a given object.

Methods for Querying¶ ↑

• length, size: Returns the count of elements.

• include?: Returns whether any element == a given object.

• empty?: Returns whether there are no elements.

• all?: Returns whether all elements meet a given criterion.

• any?: Returns whether any element meets a given criterion.

• none?: Returns whether no element == a given object.

• one?: Returns whether exactly one element == a given object.

• count: Returns the count of elements that meet a given criterion.

• find_index, index: Returns the index of the first element that meets a given criterion.

• rindex: Returns the index of the last element that meets a given criterion.

• hash: Returns the integer hash code.

Methods for Comparing¶ ↑

• <=>: Returns -1, 0, or 1 * as self is less than, equal to, or greater than a given object.

• ==: Returns whether each element in self is == to the corresponding element in a given object.

• eql?: Returns whether each element in self is eql? to the corresponding element in a given object.

Methods for Fetching¶ ↑

These methods do not modify self.

• []: Returns one or more elements.

• fetch: Returns the element at a given offset.

• first: Returns one or more leading elements.

• last: Returns one or more trailing elements.

• max: Returns one or more maximum-valued elements, as determined by <=> or a given block.

• min: Returns one or more minimum-valued elements, as determined by <=> or a given block.

• minmax: Returns the minimum-valued and maximum-valued elements, as determined by <=> or a given block.

• assoc: Returns the first element that is an array whose first element == a given object.

• rassoc: Returns the first element that is an array whose second element == a given object.

• at: Returns the element at a given offset.

• values_at: Returns the elements at given offsets.

• dig: Returns the object in nested objects that is specified by a given index and additional arguments.

• drop: Returns trailing elements as determined by a given index.

• take: Returns leading elements as determined by a given index.

• drop_while: Returns trailing elements as determined by a given block.

• take_while: Returns leading elements as determined by a given block.

• slice: Returns consecutive elements as determined by a given argument.

• sort: Returns all elements in an order determined by <=> or a given block.

• reverse: Returns all elements in reverse order.

• compact: Returns an array containing all non-nil elements.

• select, filter: Returns an array containing elements selected by a given block.

• uniq: Returns an array containing non-duplicate elements.

• rotate: Returns all elements with some rotated from one end to the other.

• bsearch: Returns an element selected via a binary search as determined by a given block.

• bsearch_index: Returns the index of an element selected via a binary search as determined by a given block.

• sample: Returns one or more random elements.

• shuffle: Returns elements in a random order.

Methods for Assigning¶ ↑

These methods add, replace, or reorder elements in self.

• []=: Assigns specified elements with a given object.

• push, append, <<: Appends trailing elements.

• unshift, prepend: Prepends leading elements.

• insert: Inserts given objects at a given offset; does not replace elements.

• concat: Appends all elements from given arrays.

• fill: Replaces specified elements with specified objects.

• replace: Replaces the content of self with the content of a given array.

• reverse!: Replaces self with its elements reversed.

• rotate!: Replaces self with its elements rotated.

• shuffle!: Replaces self with its elements in random order.

• sort!: Replaces self with its elements sorted, as determined by <=> or a given block.

• sort_by!: Replaces self with its elements sorted, as determined by a given block.

Methods for Deleting¶ ↑

Each of these methods removes elements from self:

• pop: Removes and returns the last element.

• shift: Removes and returns the first element.

• compact!: Removes all nil elements.

• delete: Removes elements equal to a given object.

• delete_at: Removes the element at a given offset.

• delete_if: Removes elements specified by a given block.

• keep_if: Removes elements not specified by a given block.

• reject!: Removes elements specified by a given block.

• select!, filter!: Removes elements not specified by a given block.

• slice!: Removes and returns a sequence of elements.

• uniq!: Removes duplicates.

Methods for Combining¶ ↑

• &: Returns an array containing elements found both in self and a given array.

• intersection: Returns an array containing elements found both in self and in each given array.

• +: Returns an array containing all elements of self followed by all elements of a given array.

• -: Returns an array containing all elements of self that are not found in a given array.

• |: Returns an array containing all elements of self and all elements of a given array, duplicates removed.

• union: Returns an array containing all elements of self and all elements of given arrays, duplicates removed.

• difference: Returns an array containing all elements of self that are not found in any of the given arrays..

• product: Returns or yields all combinations of elements from self and given arrays.

Methods for Iterating¶ ↑

• each: Passes each element to a given block.

• reverse_each: Passes each element, in reverse order, to a given block.

• each_index: Passes each element index to a given block.

• cycle: Calls a given block with each element, then does so again, for a specified number of times, or forever.

• combination: Calls a given block with combinations of elements of self; a combination does not use the same element more than once.

• permutation: Calls a given block with permutations of elements of self; a permutation does not use the same element more than once.

• repeated_combination: Calls a given block with combinations of elements of self; a combination may use the same element more than once.

• repeated_permutation: Calls a given block with permutations of elements of self; a permutation may use the same element more than once.

Methods for Converting¶ ↑

• map, collect: Returns an array containing the block return-value for each element.

• map!, collect!: Replaces each element with a block return-value.

• flatten: Returns an array that is a recursive flattening of self.

• flatten!: Replaces each nested array in self with the elements from that array.

• inspect, to_s: Returns a new String containing the elements.

• join: Returns a newsString containing the elements joined by the field separator.

• to_a: Returns self or a new array containing all elements.

• to_ary: Returns self.

• to_h: Returns a new hash formed from the elements.

• transpose: Transposes self, which must be an array of arrays.

• zip: Returns a new array of arrays containing self and given arrays; follow the link for details.

Other Methods¶ ↑

• *: Returns one of the following:

  • With integer argument n, a new array that is the concatenation of n copies of self.

  • With string argument field_separator, a new string that is equivalent to join(field_separator).

• abbrev: Returns a hash of unambiguous abbreviations for elements.

• pack: Packs the elements into a binary sequence.

• sum: Returns a sum of elements according to either + or a given block.

Operand to a YARV bytecode instruction

Represent the type of a value (local/stack/self) in RJIT